Broadleaf species dominate Serbia’s diverse forests including the Srem Forest District, where oak regeneration is focused on the Ravni Srem portion of the district. Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is the dominant species, making up about 50% of standing volume. The most important supporting species in mixed stands are narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl) and common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.). Seeding is used when acorn crops are poor or absent. In good mast years, acorns are incorporated into the soil or sown mechanically (about 450 kg ha-1), 2 to 5 cm deep in rows 0.7 m apart with acorns spaced 15 to 20 cm in a row. Seeds are manually collected from registered stands and orchards, and subject to quality testing, thermotherapy, and fungicide treatment before storage. Herbicides and arboricides are used to control competition. Fencing protects seeds and seedlings from animals; rodenticides, fungicides, and insecticides are applied as required. Regeneration areas are limited to 56.25 ha, with seed trees left for shelter. Sowing is done in autumn–winter using machines, with acorns spaced in rows. Early competition is controlled by herbicides. Mechanical weeding and fencing continue during the sapling phase. Fire lanes are established and maintained for up to 15 years. Success is measured by seedling establishment and survival after the first growing season. Impacts of invasive plants and animal damage are mitigated by site management and maintaining fencing. Failure is mainly due to unfavorable climatic factors. The moderate-continental climate is expected to experience increased temperature and precipitation by 2040.

New terms have proliferated as international focus on forest condition surged because of the role forests play in climate change mitigation and adaptation. From umbrella concepts (e.g., forestation, nature-based solutions, and ecosystem restoration) to specific methods (e.g., forest landscape restoration, rewilding, and assisted migration), nuanced terms target different beginning conditions (non-forest, harvested, deforested, or degraded forest) and desired future conditions (forest cover, self-sustaining systems, ecological integrity). Human well-being may or may not be a relevant objective. Quality forest reproductive material is critical for the success of large-scale planting to meet current policy objectives and future needs as climate warming and increased intensity and frequency of extreme events add to reforestation backlogs embodied in the new terminology and attitudes toward forest management.

As a part of networking activities of PEN-CAFoRR COST Action (CA19128), the combined meeting took place in Mitzpe Ramon, Israel from 15 to 16 March 2023. In addition to the Core Group and Working Groups Meeting, a Thematic Workshop was organized by the local organizer Dr Ilan Stavi.

The conference on "Reforestation Challenges" took place on 20-22 June 2018 in Belgrade, Serbia, at Faculty of Forestry of the University of Belgrade. This was the fourth meeting on reforestation challenges, after three successful meetings in three previous years (2015 – Belgrade, Serbia; 2016 – Krakow, Poland; 2017 – Session at the IUFRO Congress in Freiburg, Germany). This Conference, like the first one, was organized by Faculty of Forestry of the University of Belgrade, IUFRO (specifically by IUFRO Unit: 3.02.00 - Stand Establishment and Treatment), and Reforesta Scientific and professional Society.