Broadleaf species dominate Serbia’s diverse forests including the Srem Forest District, where oak regeneration is focused on the Ravni Srem portion of the district. Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is the dominant species, making up about 50% of standing volume. The most important supporting species in mixed stands are narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl) and common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.). Seeding is used when acorn crops are poor or absent. In good mast years, acorns are incorporated into the soil or sown mechanically (about 450 kg ha-1), 2 to 5 cm deep in rows 0.7 m apart with acorns spaced 15 to 20 cm in a row. Seeds are manually collected from registered stands and orchards, and subject to quality testing, thermotherapy, and fungicide treatment before storage. Herbicides and arboricides are used to control competition. Fencing protects seeds and seedlings from animals; rodenticides, fungicides, and insecticides are applied as required. Regeneration areas are limited to 56.25 ha, with seed trees left for shelter. Sowing is done in autumn–winter using machines, with acorns spaced in rows. Early competition is controlled by herbicides. Mechanical weeding and fencing continue during the sapling phase. Fire lanes are established and maintained for up to 15 years. Success is measured by seedling establishment and survival after the first growing season. Impacts of invasive plants and animal damage are mitigated by site management and maintaining fencing. Failure is mainly due to unfavorable climatic factors. The moderate-continental climate is expected to experience increased temperature and precipitation by 2040.

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