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More articles from Issue 4, 2017

Production of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. for reforestation in southern Benin

Sulfur and lime affect soil pH and nutrients in a sandy Pinus taeda nursery

Stocktype effect on field performance of Austrian pine seedlings

Seedling Quality in Serbia – Results from a Three-Year Survey

Afforestation and reforestation in Romania: History, current practice and future perspectives

Citations

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134

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André Ganem Coutinho, Monique Alves, Alexandre Bonesso Sampaio, Isabel Belloni Schmidt, Daniel Luis Mascia Vieira, David Ward

(2019)

Effects of initial functional‐group composition on assembly trajectory in savanna restoration

Applied Vegetation Science, 22(1)

10.1111/avsc.12420

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Majda K. Suleiman, M. Anisul Islam, N.R. Bhat, S. Jacob, R.R. Thomas, M.T. Sivadasan, Abdirashid O. Elmi

(2023)

Planting methods influence revegetation success of native species in an arid environment

Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 53(9)

10.1139/cjfr-2022-0018

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Dede J. Sudrajat, Evayusvita Rustam, Nurhasybi, Nurin Widyani, Yulianti, Yupi Isnaini, Popi Aprilianti, Enggal Primananda, Muhammad Zanzibar, Suhartati, Kurniawati P. Putri, Naning Yuniarti, Surono, Vivi Yuskianti

(2023)

Improving the success of direct seeding through the application of seed briquettes, aquasorb, and sowing time: case studies onCeiba pentandra, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, andCalophyllum inophyllum

Forest Science and Technology, 19(2)

10.1080/21580103.2023.2198549

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Claudia I. Bartlick, Julia I. Burton, Christopher R. Webster, Robert E. Froese, Yvette L. Dickinson

(2023)

An experimental approach to identify drivers of tree regeneration diversity, composition, and heterogeneity in northern hardwood forests

Forest Ecology and Management, 546()

10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121320

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Antônio Carlos Silveiro Silva, Rubens Marques Rondon Neto, Norberto Gomes Ribeiro Júnior, Jessica Borges da Veiga, Charles Caioni, Wesley Vicente Claudino

(2020)

Planting of Seedlings and Direct Seeding with Different Inputs in Pioneer Species in the Southeastern Amazon

Floresta e Ambiente, 27(2)

10.1590/2179-8087.008419

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Diego C. de Souza

(2022)

Forest restoration by direct seeding: a global bibliometric analysis

Restoration Ecology, 30(8)

10.1111/rec.13631

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Arthur Novikov, Sergey Sokolov, Michael Drapalyuk, Vladimir Zelikov, Vladan Ivetić

(2019)

Performance of Scots Pine Seedlings from Seeds Graded by Colour

Forests, 10(12)

10.3390/f10121064

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Andrés Argüelles-Moyao, Roberto Garibay-Orijel

(2018)

Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in high mountain conifer forests in central Mexico and their potential use in the assisted migration of Abies religiosa

Mycorrhiza, 28(5-6)

10.1007/s00572-018-0841-0

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Sergey Sokolov, Arthur Novikov, Vladan Ivetić

(2019)

Determining the Initial Orientation for Navigation and Measurement Systems of Mobile Apparatus in Reforestation

Inventions, 4(4)

10.3390/inventions4040056

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Artur I Novikov

(2019)

Visible wave spectrometric features of scots pine seeds: the basis for designing a rapid analyzer

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 226()

10.1088/1755-1315/226/1/012064

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Julie Christine Scaloppi, Andréa Lúcia Teixeira de Souza

(2020)

Simultaneous effects of reintroduction strategy and seed size on the initial development of two tropical tree species in an abandoned eucalyptus plantation

Australian Journal of Botany, 68(6)

10.1071/BT20093

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Yao Jingjing, Zhang Chengliang, Han Shuang, Liu Mengfan, Wang Yan, Cao Wenbo

(2023)

Effects of Seedling Methods on Germination and Growth of Sophora japonica L.

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10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2023.04.019

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Francisco B. Navarro, Antonia B. Caño, Cristina Gálvez, Andriana Kazani, M. Dolores Carbonero, M. Noelia Jiménez

(2023)

Key factors in direct acorn seeding for the successful restoration of open oak woodlands

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10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121314

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Frédéric Danjon, Antoine Danquechin Dorval, Céline Meredieu

(2025)

Pinus pinaster root architecture 2 to 5 years after container rearing and outplanting: tropism loss, root clustering and resilience

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10.1007/s11104-024-06807-3

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R. Kasten Dumroese, Yan Zhu, Manuel A. Acevedo, Jeremiah R. Pinto, Carolina E. Álvarez‐Maldini, Yong Liu

(2023)

Fall fertilization during nursery production increases nitrogen status of Purshia tridentata seedlings: implications for outplanting

Restoration Ecology, 31(7)

10.1111/rec.13915

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Johanna Croce, Ernesto I. Badano, Andrés Tálamo

(2024)

Recruitment responses of shade‐tolerant and heliophilous trees in degraded areas: The necessity of knowing the recruitment autecology of species for effective reforestation decisions

Land Degradation & Development, 35(15)

10.1002/ldr.5246

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Karin M. Kettenring, Emily E. Tarsa

(2020)

Need to Seed? Ecological, Genetic, and Evolutionary Keys to Seed-Based Wetland Restoration

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10.3389/fenvs.2020.00109

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(2021)

Manganese distribution in the Mn-hyperaccumulator Grevillea meisneri from New Caledonia

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10.1038/s41598-021-03151-9

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Matej Domevscik, Bodil Häggström, Hyungwoo Lim, Jonas Öhlund, Annika Nordin

(2023)

Large-scale assessment of artificially coated seeds for forest regeneration across Sweden

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10.1007/s11056-022-09920-2

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Mohammad Farzam, Hossein Alami, Azam Khakzar, Ali Golkarian

(2026)

How soil conditioners and planting methods influence the cost of seedling establishment

Restoration Ecology, 34(2)

10.1111/rec.70193

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Megan L. Parry, Sean M. Bellairs, Ping Lu, Anthony O’Grady

(2022)

Improved native understorey establishment in mine waste rock in Australia’s wet–dry tropics

Australian Journal of Botany, 70(3)

10.1071/BT20174

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Ian H Willoughby, Richard L Jinks, Jack Forster

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Direct seeding of birch, rowan and alder can be a viable technique for the restoration of upland native woodland in the UK

Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 92(3)

10.1093/forestry/cpz018

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N Vovchenko, A Novikov, S Sokolov, E Tishchenko

(2020)

New technology for encapsulating conditioned seeds to increase aerial seeding efficiency

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 595(1)

10.1088/1755-1315/595/1/012009

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Wenhui Shi, Pedro Villar-Salvador, Guolei Li, Xiaoxu Jiang

(2019)

Acorn size is more important than nursery fertilization for outplanting performance of Quercus variabilis container seedlings

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10.1007/s13595-018-0785-8

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Alexandro B. Leverkus, María Medina, Alba Lázaro-González, Laura Levy, Olivia Lorente-Casalini, Marino P. Reyes Martín, Enrique Andivia, Alessandro Bizzarri, Henrik Böhlenius, Vito E. Cambria, Claudia Cocozza, Branislav Cvjetković, Giovanbattista de Dato, Lenka Ehrenbergerová, Peter Ferus, Lorena Gómez-Aparicio, Arndt Hampe, Kjersti Holt Hanssen, Marcin Jakubowski, Ivona Kerkez Janković, Marcin Klisz, Wojciech Kowalkowski, Klaus Kremer, Jelena Lazarevic, Dagnija Lazdiņa, Emanuele Lingua, Magnus Löf, Manuel E. Lucas-Borja, Adrian Łukowski, Paula Maia, Paola Mairota, Alberto Maltoni, Barbara Mariotti, Raffaella Marzano, Lucia Mondanelli, Antonio Montagnoli, Maria Cristina Monteverdi, Francisco B. Navarro Reyes, Juan A. Oliet, Maria S. Patrício, Zoran Poduška, Vladan Popovic, Radosław Puchałka, Piotr Robakowski, Piotr Sewerniak, Carmen Ureña-Lara, Pedro Villar-Salvador, Johanna Witzell, Nicolò Anselmetto, Jürgen Bauhus, Raquel Benavides, Paola Bolzon, María D. Carbonero Muñoz, Jorge Castro, Donato Chiatante, Sofia Corticeiro, Michele De Sanctis, Jovana Devetaković, Kārlis Dūmiņš, Fløistad Inger Sundheim, M. Noelia Jiménez Morales, Sanja Jovanović, Branko Kanjevac, Johan Kroon, Dario La Montagna, Roman Malik, Antonín Martiník, Luis Matías, Ryan McClory, Fabio Meloni, Manuel Merino Ceballos, Ricardo A. Moreno Llorca, Marina Nonić, Luís Nunes, Pedro Antonio Plaza-Álvarez, Roberta Proietti, Stefano Puccinelli, José María Rey Benayas, Marek Szczerba, Arkadiusz Tomczak, Ana Topalovic, Viktorija Vendiņa

(2026)

Drivers of seedling emergence and early growth of 12 European oak species: Results from a cross-continental experiment

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10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123223

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Magnus Löf, Christian Ammer, Lluis Coll, Lars Drössler, Franka Huth, Palle Madsen, Sven Wagner

(2018)

Dynamics, Silviculture and Management of Mixed Forests

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10.1007/978-3-319-91953-9_4

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Mark E. Fuka, John L. Orrock

(2024)

Invasive shrubs amplify seasonal granivory, revealing optimal windows for seed survival following invasive shrub removal

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10.1002/ecs2.70134

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John A Stanturf, R Kasten Dumroese, Stephen Elliott, Vladan Ivetic, Watit Khokthong, Michael Kleine, Mait Lang, Magnus Löf, Palle Madsen, Cindy Prescott, Timothy Young

(2024)

Restoring Forests and Trees for Sustainable Development

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10.1093/9780197683958.003.0011

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Emile S. Gardiner, John A. Stanturf

(2026)

International practices for regenerating and restoring forest trees by seeding – an introduction

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10.21750/REFOR.21.01.131

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Diane L. Haase, Karma Bouzza, Lucy Emerton, James B. Friday, Becca Lieberg, Arnulfo Aldrete, Anthony S. Davis

(2021)

The High Cost of the Low-Cost Polybag System: A Review of Nursery Seedling Production Systems

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10.3390/land10080826

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Christopher D. Johnson, Matthew Thomson, Michael Vermeulen, Mark Waud, James McBroom, Ruby N. Michael

(2025)

Direct Seeding achieves rehabilitation objectives for an operational sand mine in Southeast Queensland: A case study

Ecological Engineering, 220()

10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107724

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Midhun Mohan, Hayden A. Rue, Shaurya Bajaj, G.A. Pabodha Galgamuwa, Esmaeel Adrah, Matthew Mehdi Aghai, Eben North Broadbent, Omkar Khadamkar, Sigit D. Sasmito, Joseph Roise, Willie Doaemo, Adrian Cardil

(2021)

Afforestation, reforestation and new challenges from COVID-19: Thirty-three recommendations to support civil society organizations (CSOs)

Journal of Environmental Management, 287()

10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112277

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Nikolas von Lüpke, Holger Sennhenn-Reulen

(2023)

Quantifying success share and plant density of direct seeding of Douglas fir using a hurdle negative binomial regression model

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10.1007/s11056-022-09927-9

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Cristina Martínez Garza, Julio Campos-Alves, David Valenzuela-Galván, Leslie Alba-García, Alondra Nicolás-Medina

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Siembra directa de árboles nativos para la restauración de la selva estacionalmente seca

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10.21829/abm129.2022.1917

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Thomas Medicus, Alexander Tischer, Henrik Hartmann, Leon Eichfuss, Beate Michalzik, Kim Wagner, Markus Bernhardt-Römermann

(2025)

Drought tolerance of emerging European silver fir seedlings (Abies alba Mill.) does not follow geographic gradients

New Forests, 56(6)

10.1007/s11056-025-10133-6

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Alexandro B. Leverkus, Alba Lázaro González, Enrique Andivia, Jorge Castro, María Noelia Jiménez, Francisco B. Navarro

(2021)

Seeding or planting to revegetate the world's degraded land: systematic review and experimentation to address methodological issues

Restoration Ecology, 29(4)

10.1111/rec.13372

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Lesya Voytenko, Valentyna Vasyuk, Lidia Babenko, Mykola Shcherbatiuk, Kateryna Romanenko, Iryna V. Kosakivska

(2024)

Pre-sowing treatment of acorns with gibberellic acid and N-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone induced changes in growth and hormonal balance of Quercus robur L. seedlings

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10.2478/fsmu-2024-0008

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Alba Lázaro-González, Enrique Andivia, Arndt Hampe, Shun Hasegawa, Raffaella Marzano, Ana M.C. Santos, Jorge Castro, Alexandro B. Leverkus

(2023)

Revegetation through seeding or planting: A worldwide systematic map

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10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117713

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UAV-Supported Forest Regeneration: Current Trends, Challenges and Implications

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10.3390/rs13132596

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Jorge Castro

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Human urine does not protect acorns against predation by the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus): a field study with video recording

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10.1111/rec.14139

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Ljubica Mijatović, Branko Kanjevac, Janko Ljubičić, Ivona Kerkez Janković, Jovana Devetaković

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Early Post-Germination Physiological Traits of Oak Species Under Various Environmental Conditions in Oak Forests

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10.3390/f17010003

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Marina Guimarães Freitas, Silvia Barbosa Rodrigues, Eduardo Malta Campos-Filho, Guilherme Henrique Pompiano do Carmo, Junior Micolino da Veiga, Rodrigo Gravina Prates Junqueira, Daniel Luis Mascia Vieira

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Evaluating the success of direct seeding for tropical forest restoration over ten years

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10.1016/j.foreco.2019.02.024

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(2026)

Guidelines for Climate Adaptive Forest Restoration and Reforestation Projects

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10.1016/B978-0-443-34086-4.00011-6

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Edgar Abel Sánchez-García, Hugo López Rosas, Vinicio J. Sosa, Roberto Lindig-Cisneros, Patricia Moreno-Casasola

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Hacia la restauración con Annona glabra (Annonaceae) de una selva inundable: establecimiento y crecimiento de plántulas, y cambio en la vegetación acompañante

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10.21829/abm129.2022.1923

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Khuanphirom Naruangsri, Pimonrat Tiansawat, Stephen Elliott

(2023)

Differential seed removal, germination and seedling growth as determinants of species suitability for forest restoration by direct seeding – A case study from northern Thailand

Forest Ecosystems, 10()

10.1016/j.fecs.2023.100133

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Franka Huth, Alexander Tischer, Petia Nikolova, Heike Feldhaar, Alexandra Wehnert, Lisa Hülsmann, Jürgen Bauhus, Katrin Heer, Juliane Vogt, Christian Ammer, Uta Berger, Markus Bernhardt-Römermann, Manuela Böhme, Harald Bugmann, Jörn Buse, Laura Demant, Inken Dörfler, Jörg Ewald, Eike Feldmann, Andreas Fichtner, Martin M. Gossner, Thorsten E.E. Grams, Karl-Heinz Häberle, Jonas Hagge, Henrik Hartmann, Sven Herzog, Ansgar Kahmen, Ulrich Kohnle, Doris Krabel, Klara Krämer-Klement, Jürgen Kreyling, Michael Manthey, Karl Mellert, Peter Meyer, Andreas Mölder, Lena Muffler-Weigel, Bettina Ohse, Lars Opgenoorth, Boris Rewald, Andreas Rothe, Nadine Ruehr, Tobias Scharnweber, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Jonas Schmeddes, Joachim Schmerbeck, Markus Schmidt, Dominik Seidel, Frank M. Thomas, Malin Tiebel, Goddert von Oheimb, Sven Wagner, Robert Weigel, Martin Wilmking, Christian Zang, Bernhard Schuldt

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Ecological assessment of forest management approaches to develop resilient forests in the face of global change in Central Europe

Basic and Applied Ecology, 86()

10.1016/j.baae.2025.05.001

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Lahouaria Mounia Mansouri, Abdenour Kheloufi, Mohamed Boukhecha

(2024)

Enhancement of seed germination rate and growth of Anagyris foetida L.

REFORESTA, (17)

10.21750/REFOR.17.05.116

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Abubakr M. J. Siam, Rund Abu‐Zurayk, Rehab M. Abdelkheir, Nasreldeen Siam, Rida Shibli, Jamal Sawwan

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Potential Sustainability and Stress Resilience of Forest Trees Induced by Nanotechnology Applications

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10.1002/pei3.70105

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Arthur Novikov, Michael Drapalyuk, Olga Dornyak, Vladimir Zelikov, Vladan Ivetić

(2019)

The Effect of Motion Time of a Scots Pine Single Seed on Mobile Optoelectronic Grader Efficiency: A Mathematical Patterning

Inventions, 4(4)

10.3390/inventions4040055

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P Tylek, D N Demidov, M N Lysych, E P Petrishchev, E A Maklakova

(2020)

The features designed of mechatronic system of adaptive hopper’s feeder: case study for Scots pine seeds morphometry

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 595(1)

10.1088/1755-1315/595/1/012054

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Martin Belko, Anna Tučeková, Roman Longauer, Valéria Longauerová, Vladimír Mačejovský, Ivan Horvát

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Research on an effective artificial regeneration method for selected commercially important coniferous tree species on a large sanitation cut site situated in the Javorníky Mts., Western Carpathians

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10.17221/1/2024-JFS

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Olga Dornyak, Arthur Novikov

(2020)

Immersion Freezing of a Scots Pine Single Seed in a Water-Saturated Dispersion Medium: Mathematical Modelling

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10.3390/inventions5040051

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Arvind Bhatt, Xingxing Chen, Paulo Roberto de Moura Souza-Filho, Harsh Kumar Chauhan, Deshui Yu

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Effects of the phylogeny and seed traits on germination of Polygonaceae species from Subtropical Forest, Southeast China

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10.1139/cjb-2024-0059

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John Stanturf, Emile S. Gardiner

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Seeding forest trees

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10.21750/REFOR.21.12.142

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Zhenyu Zhang, Weimin Ju, Yanlian Zhou

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The effect of water stress on net primary productivity in northwest China

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10.1007/s11356-021-15314-2

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Magnus Löf, Julien Barrere, Mattias Engman, Linda K. Petersson, Adrian Villalobos

(2021)

The influence of fencing on seedling establishment during reforestation of oak stands: a comparison of artificial and natural regeneration techniques including costs

European Journal of Forest Research, 140(4)

10.1007/s10342-021-01369-w

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Anna Tučeková, Martin Belko, Valéria Longauerová, Vladimír Mačejovský, Jaroslav Jankovič

(2024)

Comparison of Norway spruce artificial regeneration techniques tested in the area destroyed by spruce bark beetle in Kysuce Region (Slovakia)

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10.2478/forj-2023-0011

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Magnus Löf, Jorge Castro, Mattias Engman, Alexandro B. Leverkus, Palle Madsen, Jose A. Reque, Adrian Villalobos, Emile S. Gardiner

(2019)

Tamm Review: Direct seeding to restore oak (Quercus spp.) forests and woodlands

Forest Ecology and Management, 448()

10.1016/j.foreco.2019.06.032

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F. B. Dutra, L. S. Almeida, G. C. V. Pinto, L. F. Furlaneto, T. K. S. Souza, E. Viveiros, I. Piotrowski, F. C. M. Piña-Rodrigues, J. M. S. Silva

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Pre-emergent indaziflam can enhance forest seed germination in direct seeding?

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10.1590/1519-6984.268716

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Branislav Cvjetković, Milan Mataruga

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Life on Land

Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, ()

10.1007/978-3-319-71065-5_113-1

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Arthur Guignabert, Laurent Augusto, Florian Delerue, Francis Maugard, Céline Gire, Clément Magnin, Sylvie Niollet, Maya Gonzalez

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Combining partial cutting and direct seeding to overcome regeneration failures in dune forests

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10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118466

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Diego Cerveira de Souza, Vera Lex Engel

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Seed functional traits as predictors of seedling establishment success in Brazilian tropical forest restoration

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10.1111/btp.13355

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Denis Conrado da Cruz, José Maria Rey Benayas, Gracialda Costa Ferreira, Sabrina Ribeiro Santos, Gustavo Schwartz

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An overview of forest loss and restoration in the Brazilian Amazon

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10.1007/s11056-020-09777-3

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Peter Evlakov, Alexey Tseplyaev, Anna Popova, Vladimir Zapletin, Vladlena Ryzhkova, Lyudmila Repnikova, Konstantin Zhuzhukin

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Influence of Container Volume and Cuttings Size on the Growth Parameters of Seedlings with a Closed Root System of Two Poplar Genotypes in the Voronezh Region

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10.3390/ijpb16020049

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Matheus Rezende de Mesquita Correia, Maxmiller Cardoso Ferreira, Monique Alves, Hélder Nagai Consolaro, Daniel Luis Mascia Vieira

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Less is more: Little seed processing required for direct seeding in seasonal tropics

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Raquel Juan-Ovejero, Jorge Castro, Francisco B. Navarro, E. Rodríguez-Caballero, M.P. Reyes-Martín, Domingo Alcaraz-Segura, M.N. Jiménez, Alexandro B. Leverkus

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Effect of revegetation method (seedling outplanting versus direct seeding) on holm oak root architecture: Implications for restoration success under a global change scenario

Forest Ecology and Management, 598()

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Vladan Ivetić, Jelena M. Aleksić

(2019)

Forests of Southeast Europe Under a Changing Climate

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10.1007/978-3-319-95267-3_30

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Pedro Dias Laumann, Maxmiller Cardoso Ferreira, Dulce Alves da Silva, Daniel Luis Mascia Vieira

(2023)

Germination traits explain the success of direct seeding restoration in the seasonal tropics of Brazil

Forest Ecology and Management, 529()

10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120706

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Manuel Acevedo, Carolina Álvarez-Maldini, R. Kasten Dumroese, Marta González, Eduardo Cartes, Jan R. Bannister, Simón Sandoval, Andree Álvarez, Claudia Stange

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Decoupling seedling establishment in a shade-intolerant species of a Mediterranean climate: Soil moisture determines survival but growth is promoted by irradiance

Forest Ecology and Management, 569()

10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122190

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Dimas Nur Muhammad, Adisti Permatasari Putri Hartoyo, Irdika Mansur, Jakaria

(2024)

Optimizing Land Suitability and Rehabilitation Techniques for Falcataria falcata, Durio zibethinus, and Callophyllum inophyllum in the Critical Land of Tenjolaya District, Bogor Regency, West Java

BIO Web of Conferences, 123()

10.1051/bioconf/202412301036

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Shu-Hong Wu, Chien-Ti Chao, Bing-Hong Huang, Min-Xin Luo, Xiang-Guang Duan, Pei-Chun Liao

(2020)

Environmental disturbance in natural forest and the effect of afforestation methods on timber volume increment in Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litv.

Global Ecology and Conservation, 24()

10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01311

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Ivona Kerkez Jankovic, Mirjana Šijačić-Nikolić, Marina Nonić

(2022)

Provenances vs. microhabitat influence on field performance of Quercus robur seedlings

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10.21750/REFOR.14.03.98

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Paolo Alessandro Rodrigues Sartorelli, Andressa Ribeiro, Gabriel Marx Cordeiro, Mauricio Sangiogo, Kennedy de Paiva Porfírio, Antonio Carlos Ferraz Filho

(2025)

Effectiveness of direct seeding techniques for forest restoration in a Brazilian Cerrado area

CERNE, 31()

10.1590/01047760202531013503

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Zhiyi Chen, Markus Neurauter, Moritz Stegner, Ursula Peintner, Ilse Kranner, Andreas Bär, Stefan Mayr

(2026)

Insights into post-fire establishment of three Alpine conifer species after an experimental fire in Tyrol, Austria

Frontiers in Plant Science, 17()

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Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review

Steven C Grossnickle ,
Steven C Grossnickle
Vladan Ivetić Orcid logo
Vladan Ivetić

Published: 01.12.2016.

Volume 0, Issue 4 (2017)

pp. 94-142;

https://doi.org/10.21750/refor.4.07.46

Abstract

Direct seeding has been considered a forest restoration option for centuries. Over the past half century, the use of this practice has declined in developed countries as forest regeneration programs have advanced with the production of quality seedlings that can successfully establish restoration sites. Direct seeding is being reconsidered as a restoration option as the potential size of the worldwide forest restoration program has grown because of massive deforestation in third-world nations and due to global climate change. This review examines direct seeding from a number of perspectives. First, merits of using this practice in restoration programs are defined. Major merits of this option are that it can be done quickly, over hard to reach and large disturbed areas, and at a relatively low cost. Second, current research findings from restoration programs are discussed. The major finding is that seedling establishment rates are low (i.e. typically around 20% of seeds planted) due to site conditions, seed predation and vegetation competition, and field performance (i.e. survival and growth) is lower than planted seedlings. Third, operational practices for the application in restoration programs are reviewed. To successfully conduct direct seeding programs practitioners need to consider seedbed receptivity, seed distribution and seeding rate. Fourth, potential new practices are presented. Some of these new practices attempt to create a more effective means to disperse seed across the site, minimize seed predation or create a more favorable microsite environment. This review provides a synthesis of what is known about direct seeding, thereby allowing practitioners to make a rational decision of whether to apply this practice towards their forest restoration program.

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