Effect of temperature and salinity on germination and seedling establishment of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Simaroubaceae)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.9.06.80Keywords:
Forestry, invasive, NaCl, tree of heaven, Simaroubaceae, seed behaviourAbstract
The tree of heaven Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle is a multipurpose tree in forestry. However, it is considered an invasive and dangerous plant for native species, and in particular for national parks, where many studies have recorded their involvement in the disturbance of the already developed floral diversity. Assessing the impact of certain abiotic conditions on this species may identify the expected areas to be colonized by its seed propagation. Germination of tree of heaven were tested for germination at constant temperatures of 25, 30, 40°C, and at room temperature varying from 25-30°C coupled with total darkness. Seeds were sown in Petri dishes (0.8% agar water) for 6 days of incubation. The kinetic of germination was determined according to five closely related parameters viz. final germination percentage (FGP), mean germination time (MGT), coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG), time to 50% germination (T50) and seedling length (SL). For the saline condition, the seeds underwent various NaCl concentrations from 0, 50, 100 or 200 mM. For each treatment, there were four replicates with 50 seeds incubated in a plastic container between two layers of moist sand at 15% of the appropriate treatment and then placed in a culture chamber at 27°C (± 2°C) for 30-day period. The effect of temperature was not significant on the MGT, CVG and T50. However, it was significant (p< 0.0001) on FGP and SL. The maximum germination of 94% was obtained at a temperature of 30°C and the lowest FGP of 40% was obtained at 25°C. For the salinity effect, the FGP of 75% in the control was much higher compared to the seeds treated at 50 mM NaCl with only 17.2% of FGP. Germination was completely inhibited from 100 mM NaCl. A. altissima can be classified as sensitive to salt stress during seed germination and seedling emergence. The salinity effect then joined the temperature to monitor nature's A. altissima seed propagation.
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References
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Aslam R, Bostan N, Nabgha-e-Amen MM, Safdar W (2011) A critical review on halophytes: salt tolerant plants. J Medl Plants Res 5(33): 7108-7118. https://doi.org/10.5897/jmprx11.009
Bellairs SM, Bell DT (1990) Temperature effects on the seed-germination of 10 kwongan species from Eneabba, Western-Australia. Aust J Bot 38(5): 451-458. https://doi.org/10.1071/bt9900451
Bewley JD, Bradford KJ, Hilhorst HW, Nonogaki H (2013) Germination. In Seeds (pp. 133-181). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4693-4_4
Bewley JD, Bradford K, Hilhorst H (2012) Seeds: physiology of development, germination and dormancy. Springer Science & Business Media.
Carillo P, Annunziata MG, Pontecorvo G, Fuggi A, Woodrow P (2011) Salinity stress and salt tolerance. Abiotic stress in plants-Mechanisms and Adaptations 1: 21-38. https://doi.org/10.5772/22331
Clair-Maczulajtys D (1985). Quelques aspects de la biologie de l'Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. Étude de la double stratégie de reproduction par graines et par drageonnement en relation avec les métabolites de réserve. Thèse Univ. Paris VII, 441p. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0368-2315(06)76456-0
Côme D (1970) Obstacles to germination. Masson Eds, Paris, 162p.
Delouche JC (1980) Environmental effects on seed development and seed quality. Hortscience 15:775-780.
Dirr MA, Heuser C.W. Jr (1987). The reference manual of woody plant propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture. Varsity Press, Inc., Athens.
Filippou P, Bouchagier P, Skotti E, Fitopoulos V (2014) Proline and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species metabolism is involved in the tolerant response of the invasive plant species Ailanthus altissima to drought and salinity. Environ Exp Bot 97: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.09.010
Graves WR (1990) Stratification not required for tree-of-heaven seed germination. Tree Planters’ Notes 41(2):10-12.
Heisey RM, Heisey TK (2003) Herbicidal effects under field conditions of Ailanthus altissima bark extract, which contains ailanthone. Plant and Soil 256:85-99. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026209614161
Hilhorst HW (2018) Definitions and hypotheses of seed dormancy. Annual Plant Reviews Online 50-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119312994.apr0277
Hoshovsky MC (1988) Element stewardship abstract for Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven). The global invasive species Initiative. Arlington, VA: The nature conservancy.
Hu SY (1979) Ailanthus. Arnoldia 39(2):29-50.
Ibrahim E A (2016) Seed priming to alleviate salinity stress in germinating seeds. J Plant Physiol 192:38-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2015.12.011
Jones KW, Sanders DC (1987) The influence of soaking pepper seed in water or potassium salt solutions on germination at three temperatures. Journal of Seed Technology 11:97-102.
Kheloufi A, Mansouri L, Aziz N, Sahnoune M, Boukemiche S and Ababsa B (2018) Breaking seed coat dormancy of six tree species. Reforesta 5:4-14. https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.5.02.48
Kheloufi A (2017) Germination of seeds from two leguminous trees (Acacia karroo and Gleditsia triacanthos) following different pre-treatments. Seed Sci and Technol 45(1):259-262. https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2017.45.1.21
Kheloufi A, Chorfi A and Mansouri LM (2017) Germination Kinetics in Two Acacia karroo Hayne Ecotypes under Salinity Conditions. Open Access Library Journal 4: e3319. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1103319
Kheloufi A, Chorfi A, Mansouri LM (2016) Comparative effect of NaCl and CaCl2 on seed germination of Acacia saligna L. and Acacia decurrens Willd. International Journal of Biosciences 8(6):1-13. https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/8.6.1-13
Kheloufi A, Mansouri LM, Mami A, Djelilate M (2019) Physio-biochemical characterization of two acacia species (A. karroo Hayn and A. saligna Labill.) under saline conditions. Reforesta (7):33-49. https://doi.org/10.21750/refor.7.04.66
Kigel J (2017) Seed germination in arid and semiarid regions. In Seed development and germination (pp. 645-699). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203740071-25
Landenberger RE, Kota NL, McGraw JB (2007) Seed dispersal of the non-native invasive tree Ailanthus altissima into contrasting environments. Plant Ecol 192(1): 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-006-9226-0
Liang W, Ma X, Wan P, Liu L (2018) Plant salt-tolerance mechanism: a review. Biochem Bioph Res Co 495(1): 286-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.043
Little S (1973) Ailanthus altissima Mill. Swingle: ailanthus. In: Schopmeyer, C.S., tech. coord. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service 201-202. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01280.s001
Mouillefert P (1898) Traité des arbres & arbrisseaux forestiers, industriels et d’ornement : cultivés ou exploités en Europe et plus particulièrement en France ; donnant la description et l'utilisation de plus de 2400 espèces et 2000 variétés (Vol. 2). Librairie des sciences naturelles. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.20393
Orchard T (1977) Estimating the parameters of plant seedling emergence. Seed Sci Technol 5:61-69.
Rao NK, Dulloo ME, Engels JM (2017) A review of factors that influence the production of quality seed for long-term conservation in genebanks. Genet Resour Crop Ev 64(5): 1061-1074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0425-9
Rebbeck J, Jolliff J (2018) How long do seeds of the invasive tree, Ailanthus altissima remain viable? Forest Ecol Manage 429: 175-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.07.001
Sladonja B, Poljuha D (2018) Citizen science as in biological recording – A case study of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. Forests 9(1):(31). https://doi.org/10.3390/f9010031
Sladonja B, Sušek M, Guillermic J (2015) Review on Invasive Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) Conflicting Values: Assessment of Its Ecosystem Services and Potential Biological Threat. Environ Manage 56:1009-1034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0546-5
Stevens MT, Roush CD, Chaney L (2018) Summer Drought Reduces the Growth of Invasive Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) Seedlings. Nat Area J 38(4):230-236. https://doi.org/10.3375/043.038.0403
Tavakkoli E, Rengasamy P, McDonald GK (2010) High concentrations of Na+ and Cl– ions in soil solution have simultaneous detrimental effects on growth of faba bean under salinity stress. J Exp Bot 61(15):4449-4459. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq251
van Zelm E, Zhang Y, Testerink C (2020) Salt tolerance mechanisms of plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology 71. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100005
Vertucci CW, Farrant JM (2017) Acquisition and loss of desiccation tolerance. In Seed development and germination (pp. 237-271). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203740071-10
WCD Tutiempo (2020) World Climate Data Tutiempo. Available at: https://fr.tutiempo.net/climat/2019/ws-605250.html (accessed 17.03.2020).
Zhang H, Irving LJ, Tian Y, Zhou D (2012) Influence of salinity and temperature on seed germination rate and the hydrotime model parameters for the halophyte, Chloris virgata, and the glycophyte, Digitaria sanguinalis. S Afr J Bot 78: 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2011.08.008
Zivcak M, Brestic M, Sytar O (2016) Osmotic adjustment and plant adaptation to drought stress. In Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants, Vol 1 (pp. 105-143). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28899-4_5
Aslam R, Bostan N, Nabgha-e-Amen MM, Safdar W (2011) A critical review on halophytes: salt tolerant plants. J Medl Plants Res 5(33): 7108-7118. https://doi.org/10.5897/jmprx11.009
Bellairs SM, Bell DT (1990) Temperature effects on the seed-germination of 10 kwongan species from Eneabba, Western-Australia. Aust J Bot 38(5): 451-458. https://doi.org/10.1071/bt9900451
Bewley JD, Bradford KJ, Hilhorst HW, Nonogaki H (2013) Germination. In Seeds (pp. 133-181). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4693-4_4
Bewley JD, Bradford K, Hilhorst H (2012) Seeds: physiology of development, germination and dormancy. Springer Science & Business Media.
Carillo P, Annunziata MG, Pontecorvo G, Fuggi A, Woodrow P (2011) Salinity stress and salt tolerance. Abiotic stress in plants-Mechanisms and Adaptations 1: 21-38. https://doi.org/10.5772/22331
Clair-Maczulajtys D (1985). Quelques aspects de la biologie de l'Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. Étude de la double stratégie de reproduction par graines et par drageonnement en relation avec les métabolites de réserve. Thèse Univ. Paris VII, 441p. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0368-2315(06)76456-0
Côme D (1970) Obstacles to germination. Masson Eds, Paris, 162p.
Delouche JC (1980) Environmental effects on seed development and seed quality. Hortscience 15:775-780.
Dirr MA, Heuser C.W. Jr (1987). The reference manual of woody plant propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture. Varsity Press, Inc., Athens.
Filippou P, Bouchagier P, Skotti E, Fitopoulos V (2014) Proline and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species metabolism is involved in the tolerant response of the invasive plant species Ailanthus altissima to drought and salinity. Environ Exp Bot 97: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.09.010
Graves WR (1990) Stratification not required for tree-of-heaven seed germination. Tree Planters’ Notes 41(2):10-12.
Heisey RM, Heisey TK (2003) Herbicidal effects under field conditions of Ailanthus altissima bark extract, which contains ailanthone. Plant and Soil 256:85-99. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026209614161
Hilhorst HW (2018) Definitions and hypotheses of seed dormancy. Annual Plant Reviews Online 50-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119312994.apr0277
Hoshovsky MC (1988) Element stewardship abstract for Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven). The global invasive species Initiative. Arlington, VA: The nature conservancy.
Hu SY (1979) Ailanthus. Arnoldia 39(2):29-50.
Ibrahim E A (2016) Seed priming to alleviate salinity stress in germinating seeds. J Plant Physiol 192:38-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2015.12.011
Jones KW, Sanders DC (1987) The influence of soaking pepper seed in water or potassium salt solutions on germination at three temperatures. Journal of Seed Technology 11:97-102.
Kheloufi A, Mansouri L, Aziz N, Sahnoune M, Boukemiche S and Ababsa B (2018) Breaking seed coat dormancy of six tree species. Reforesta 5:4-14. https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.5.02.48
Kheloufi A (2017) Germination of seeds from two leguminous trees (Acacia karroo and Gleditsia triacanthos) following different pre-treatments. Seed Sci and Technol 45(1):259-262. https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2017.45.1.21
Kheloufi A, Chorfi A and Mansouri LM (2017) Germination Kinetics in Two Acacia karroo Hayne Ecotypes under Salinity Conditions. Open Access Library Journal 4: e3319. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1103319
Kheloufi A, Chorfi A, Mansouri LM (2016) Comparative effect of NaCl and CaCl2 on seed germination of Acacia saligna L. and Acacia decurrens Willd. International Journal of Biosciences 8(6):1-13. https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/8.6.1-13
Kheloufi A, Mansouri LM, Mami A, Djelilate M (2019) Physio-biochemical characterization of two acacia species (A. karroo Hayn and A. saligna Labill.) under saline conditions. Reforesta (7):33-49. https://doi.org/10.21750/refor.7.04.66
Kigel J (2017) Seed germination in arid and semiarid regions. In Seed development and germination (pp. 645-699). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203740071-25
Landenberger RE, Kota NL, McGraw JB (2007) Seed dispersal of the non-native invasive tree Ailanthus altissima into contrasting environments. Plant Ecol 192(1): 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-006-9226-0
Liang W, Ma X, Wan P, Liu L (2018) Plant salt-tolerance mechanism: a review. Biochem Bioph Res Co 495(1): 286-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.043
Little S (1973) Ailanthus altissima Mill. Swingle: ailanthus. In: Schopmeyer, C.S., tech. coord. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service 201-202. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01280.s001
Mouillefert P (1898) Traité des arbres & arbrisseaux forestiers, industriels et d’ornement : cultivés ou exploités en Europe et plus particulièrement en France ; donnant la description et l'utilisation de plus de 2400 espèces et 2000 variétés (Vol. 2). Librairie des sciences naturelles. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.20393
Orchard T (1977) Estimating the parameters of plant seedling emergence. Seed Sci Technol 5:61-69.
Rao NK, Dulloo ME, Engels JM (2017) A review of factors that influence the production of quality seed for long-term conservation in genebanks. Genet Resour Crop Ev 64(5): 1061-1074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0425-9
Rebbeck J, Jolliff J (2018) How long do seeds of the invasive tree, Ailanthus altissima remain viable? Forest Ecol Manage 429: 175-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.07.001
Sladonja B, Poljuha D (2018) Citizen science as in biological recording – A case study of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. Forests 9(1):(31). https://doi.org/10.3390/f9010031
Sladonja B, Sušek M, Guillermic J (2015) Review on Invasive Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) Conflicting Values: Assessment of Its Ecosystem Services and Potential Biological Threat. Environ Manage 56:1009-1034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0546-5
Stevens MT, Roush CD, Chaney L (2018) Summer Drought Reduces the Growth of Invasive Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) Seedlings. Nat Area J 38(4):230-236. https://doi.org/10.3375/043.038.0403
Tavakkoli E, Rengasamy P, McDonald GK (2010) High concentrations of Na+ and Cl– ions in soil solution have simultaneous detrimental effects on growth of faba bean under salinity stress. J Exp Bot 61(15):4449-4459. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq251
van Zelm E, Zhang Y, Testerink C (2020) Salt tolerance mechanisms of plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology 71. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100005
Vertucci CW, Farrant JM (2017) Acquisition and loss of desiccation tolerance. In Seed development and germination (pp. 237-271). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203740071-10
WCD Tutiempo (2020) World Climate Data Tutiempo. Available at: https://fr.tutiempo.net/climat/2019/ws-605250.html (accessed 17.03.2020).
Zhang H, Irving LJ, Tian Y, Zhou D (2012) Influence of salinity and temperature on seed germination rate and the hydrotime model parameters for the halophyte, Chloris virgata, and the glycophyte, Digitaria sanguinalis. S Afr J Bot 78: 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2011.08.008
Zivcak M, Brestic M, Sytar O (2016) Osmotic adjustment and plant adaptation to drought stress. In Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants, Vol 1 (pp. 105-143). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28899-4_5
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“Effect of Temperature and Salinity on Germination and Seedling Establishment of Ailanthus Altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Simaroubaceae)”. REFORESTA, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 44–53. Accessed November 4, 2024. https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/123.
