Growth and quality of Pinus nigra (Arn.), Pinus sylvestris (L.) and Pinus pinaster (Aiton) seedlings in two container types

Authors

  • Dana Dina Kolevska
  • Anastazija Dimitrova a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:19:"Faculty of Forestry";}
  • Kristijan Cokoski
  • Mare Basova

Keywords:

Austrian pine, Scots pine, Maritime pine, Seedling Quality, Seedlings, Containers, Dynamics of growth

Abstract

Abstract

In this study we investigated the dynamics of growth and quality features of 1+0 Austrian Pine (AP; Pinus nigra Arn.), Scots Pine (SP; Pinus sylvestris L.)  and Maritime Pine (MP; Pinus pinaster Aiton) seedlings in containers Yukosad (YS; hard plastic, 75cm3, 610 seedlings m-2) and Siset (SS; gray cardboard with white coating, 128 cm3, 589 seedlings m-2). The experiment, for all Pine species, was conducted in randomized blocks in four replications. Each replication contained 10 multipots of each container type. After the seed germination, every 15 days, i.e. 10 times during the vegetation season, 10 seedlings of each of 4 replications, i.e. 40 seedlings of each container and Pine species, were analyzed. The following morphological characteristics were measured: shoot height (SH), root collar diameter (RCD), shoot dry weight (SDW), number, length and dry weight (RDW) of I, II and III order lateral roots (FOLR, SOLR and TOLR) and of the central root. Quality ratios and indexes were calculated. The dynamics of growth of selected features during the vegetation season was expressed as trend lines. AP and SP seedlings, grown in containers YS had higher values of almost all measured traits (SH, RCD, SDW, number, length and dry weight of FOLR, SOLR and TOLR). However, in AP, the SS seedlings had better values of quality indexes and ratios (SQ, DQI, SDW/RDW and RDW/SDW ratio), than YS seedlings. SP seedlings, except for SQ, had better quality indexes in YS container. MP seedlings, with some exceptions, have better above ground quality features in SS containers, while root systems don’t differ significantly in both containers. Root quality indicators (root intensity and root bound indexes) are more favorable in SS containers in all Pine species. The polynomial trend lines in AP and SP grow in similar way and intensity in both containers, gradually increasing during the vegetation season. MP seedlings differ in much more intensive growth of above ground features, especially in the half of the vegetative period in both containers, while during this period root quantity and length stagnates. Generally, the quality of AP and SP seedlings is more or less equal and satisfactory in both containers, while MP seedlings show slightly better results in SS container.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Arsovski M, Stankovski B (1980) Experiences in production of seedlings in containers Yukosad and Makosad and results of afforestation bare lands with the seedlings. In Serbian: Искуства из производње садница у контејнерима Јукосад и Макосад и резултати од пошумљавања голина тим садницама). Forestry, volume 3: 47-56.

Baker G (1988) Seasonal growth characteristics of red beech, Corsican pine, ponderosa pine, radiata pine, and Douglas fir nursery seedlings. New Zeland Journal of Forestry 32(4): 22-24. http://www.nzjf.org.nz/free_issues/NZJF32_4_1988/C27E7DC7-AE25-4BA9-BCBB-C523BAF23A05.pdf

Barnett JP, Brissette JC (1986) Producing southern pine seedlings in containers. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta., New Orleans, La. Gen.Tech. Rep. SO-59: 72. https://doi.org/10.2737/SO-GTR-59

Boyer WD (1970) Shoot growth patterns of young loblolly pine. Forest Sci 14(4): 472-482. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/16.4.472

Burdett AN (1990) Physiological processes in plantation establishment and the development of specifications for forest planting stock. Can J Forest Res 20: 415-427. https://doi.org/10.1139/x90-059

Chiatante JD, Di Iorio A, Scippa GS, Sarnataro M (2002) Improving vigor assessment of pine (Pinus nigra Arnold). Plant Biosyst. 136: 209-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263500212331351109

Davis AS, Jacobs DF (2005) Quantifying root system quality of nursery seedlings and relationship to outplanting performance. New Forest 30: 295-311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-7480-y

Devetaković J, Maksimović Z, Ivanović B, Baković Z, Ivetić V (2017) Stock type effect on field performance of Austrian pine seedlings. Reforesta 4: 21-26. https://dx.doi.org/10.21750/REFO R.4.03.42

Dickson A, Leaf AL, Hosner JF (1960) Quality appraisal of white spruce and white pine seedling stock in nurseries. Forestry Chronicle 36: 10-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-7480-y

Duryea M (1985) Evaluating seedling quality. In: Duryea ML (ed) Proceedings: Evaluating seedling quality: principles, procedures, and predictive abilities of major tests. Workshop held October 16-18, 1984. Forest Research Laboratory. Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Endean F, Carlson LW (1975) The effect of rooting volume on the early growth of lodgepole pine seedlings. Can J Forest Res 5:55-60. https://doi.org/10.1139/x75-007

Fraysse JY, Crémière L (1998) Nursery factors influencing containerized Pinus pinaster seedlings’ initial growth. Silva Fenn 32: 261-270. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.686

Girouard RM (1995) Root form and stability of outplanted trees: results of a 1989 survey. Arboricult J 19:121-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.1995.9747054

Grossnickle SC (2005a) Seedling size and reforestation success. How big is big enough? In: Colombo SJ (ed) The thin green line: a symposium on the state-of-the-art in reforestation. Forest Research Information Paper 160, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada: 138-144. ISBN 0-7794-9195-5

Grossnickle SC (2005b) Importance of root growth in overcoming planting stress. New Forest: 30: 273-294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-004-8303-2

Grossnickle SC (2012) Why seedlings survive: importance of plant attributes. New Forests 43: 711-738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9336-6

Grossnickle SC, El - Kassaby YA (2016) Bareroot versus container stocktypes: a performance comparison. New Forest 47(1): 1-51. doi: 10.1007/s11056-015-9476-6

Grossnickle SC, MacDonald JE (2018) Seedling quality: history, application and plant attributed. Forests 9: 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9050283

Haase DL (2008) Understanding forest seedling quality: measurements and interpretation. Tree Planters’ Notes 52(2): 24-30. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277021621

Hiatt AH, Tinus RW (1974) Container shape controls root system configuration of Ponderosa Pine. In: Symposium: North American Containerized Forest Tree Seedling. Denver: 194-196.

Ivetić V, Škorić M (2013) The impact of seeds provenance and nursery production method on Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) seedlings quality. Ann Forest Res 56 (2): 297-305. doi:10.15287/afr.2013.29.

Ivetić V, Grossnickle S, Škorić M (2016) Forecasting the field performance of Austrian pine seedlings using morphological attributes. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 10/1: 99-107. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1722-009

Jacobs DF, Seifert JR (2004) Re-evaluating the significance of the first-order lateral root grading criterion for hardwood seedlings. In: Proceedings of “14th Central Hardwood Forest Conference”. General Technical Report NE-316, USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experimental Station, St. Paul, MN, USA: 382-388.

Jelić G (2012) Effects of container type and field preparation on afforestation success in Mediterranean area. Dissertation, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry. 220 pp. [In Croatian].

Jinks R, Mason B (1998) Effects of seedling density on the growth of Corsican pine, scots pine and Douglas-fir in containers. Ann Sci For 55: 407-423.

https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19980402

Kitić D, Petrović S, Marović R, Topalović M (1985). Kulture crnog I belog bora (Pinus nigra Arn. i Pinus sylvestris L.) osnovane sadnicama sa zaštićenim korenom na području šuma Šumskog gazdinstva Pirot. In: Savetovanje: Razvoj šumskih kultura u SR. Srbiji osnovanih sadnicama proizvedenim u kontejnerima od tvrde plastike, Kraljevo.

Kolevska D (1995) Influence of seedling type and soil conditions on development of root systems of Austrian Pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) in Macedonia. Doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of Forestry, Skopje, 307 p. [In Macedonian]

Kolevska D (1997) Influence of seedling type on root development of the Black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) seedlings in Macedonia. In: Book of abstracts: The 3rd International Conference on the Development of Forestry and Wood Science / Technology, Volume I, Belgrade.

Kolevska DD (2012) Root deformations of Austrian Black Pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) seedlings and trees in stands raised by various stock type seedlings. Forestry Ideas 18(2): 177-188. https://forestry-ideas.info/issues/issues_Index.php?pageNum_rsIssue=1&totalRows_rsIssue=12&journalFilter=45

Kolevska DD, Trajkov P (2012) Quality and development of containerized seedlings and stands of Austrian Black Pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) in the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). Forestry Ideas 18 (1): 19-27. https://forestry-ideas.info/issues/issues_Index.php?journalFilter=44

Kolevska DD, Trajkov P, Maletic V, Terziska M (2015) Dynamic of growth and quality of Arizona Cypress (Cupressus arizonica Greene) seedlings from three container types. In: Ivetić V, Stanković D (eds), Proceedings: International conference Reforestation Challenges, 03- 06 June 2015, Belgrade, Serbia, Reforesta: 78-87.

Kolevska DD, Trajkov P, Terziska M, Grazdani N (2006) Quality and growing features of Austrian Pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) seedlings of various production technologies. International Conference: Sustainable use of forest ecosystems. Book of Abstracts. Belgrade: 17-23.

Kolevska DD, Trajkov P, Maletic V, Velickovska S (2018) Results of application of Superabsorbent ZebaTM on field survival of containerized Austrian Pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) seedlings in Macedonia. In: Ivetić V, Devetaković J (eds) Book of abstracts: International conference Reforestation Challenges, Belgrade 20-22 June 2018: 34.

Landis TD (1985) Mineral nutrition as an index of seedling quality. In: Duryea ML (Ed), Evaluating Seedling Quality: Principles, Procedures, and Predictive Abilities of Major Tests. Forest Research Laboratory. Oregon State University, Corvallis: 29-48. ISBN 0-87437-000-0

Landis TD (1990) Containers: types and functions. In: Landis TD, Tinus RW, McDonald SE, Barnett JP (eds) The Container Tree Nursery manual, Volume 2. Agric. Handbk. 674. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 1-39. http://www.nurserycropscience.info/management/shipping/other-references/container-tree-nursery-manual-chap-1.pdf/view

Landis TD, Dumroese RK, Haase DL (2010) The container tree nursery manual Vol. 7. Seedling processing, storage, and outplanting. Agriculture Handbook 674. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_series/wo/wo_ah674_7.pdf

Lokvenc T (1980) Typizace deformací kořenů v kulturách založených sadebním materiálem s obalenými kořeny. Lesnictví 26: 109-118. https://pascalfrancis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=PASCALAGROLINEINRA8010214751

Lučić A, Isajev V, Rakonjac Lj, Mataruga M, Popović V, Nevenić R, Mladenović Drinić S (2012) Analysis of inter – population variability of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) using morphometric markers. Genetika 44 (3): 689-699. https://doi.org/10.2298/GENSR1203689L

Lyr H, Hoffmann G (1967) Growth rates and growth periodicity of tree roots. International Review of Forestry Research 2:181-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4831-9976-4.50011-X

Mauer O, Palatova E (2004) Root system deformations and stability of forest stands (In Czech: Deformace kořenového systému a stabilita lesních porostů.) In: Možnosti použití sadebního materiálu z intenzivních školkařských technologií pro obnovu lesa. Sborník přednášek z mezinárodního semináře. Opočno, 3. a 4. 6. 2004. Kostelec nad Černými lesy, Lesnická práce: 22 - 26.

Načeski S, Almaši S, Stošić R, Kirov N, Papazova M, Papazova-Anakieva I (2012) The effect of superabsorbent Zeba and easy reachable zinc (Zn) on forest plant establishment in Stip region. (In Macedonian: Влијание на суперабсорбентот Зеба и лесно пристапниот цинк (Zn) во пошумувањето во Штипскиот регион). Plant Protection: 121-128.

Oliet JA, Planelles R, Artero F, Valverde R, Jacobs DF, Segura ML (2009) Field performance of Pinus halepensis planted in Mediterranean arid conditions: relative influence of seedling morphology and mineral nutrition. New Forest 37:313-331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-008-9126-3

Patent No ISBN: 9989-2009-0-4

Popovski P (1985) Deformation of root system of seedlings produced in containers Kopparfors and Yucosad in Macedonia Conference: Development of Forest Stands in SR Serbia raised by Seedlings produced in Hard Plastic Containers. (In Macedonian). Book of Papers. Institute for forestry and wood science, Beograd, p 1-7.

Popovski P (1986) The results in “Paperpot” seedlings production of Austriaca Pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) and afforestation with them in SR Macedonia (Yugoslavia) (In Macedonian). Forestry review 7-12: 15-28.

Popovski P, Levkova P (1977) Results of four years of production and afforestation of Paperpot seedlings in SR Macedonia in 1974-1977. (In Macedonian). Symposium of application of Paperpot system in forest seedlings production and modern systems of afforestation, Skopje, p 29.

Roller KJ (1977) Suggested minimum standards for containerised seedlings in Nova Scotia. Department of Fisheries and Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Information Report M-X-69: 1-18. https://www.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/7692.pdf

South DB, Mitchell RG (2005) A root-bound index for container-grown pines. In: Proceedings, Symposium on the State-of-the-Art in Reforestation; The Thin Green Line, Ontario: 88-93.

Statistical Yearbook of the R. of North Macedonia 2019. State Statistical Office, 485-487.

Stilinović S, Ðorðević D, Markovski K, Grbić M (1980) Prilog poznavanju oblika i strukture korena šumskih sadnica odgajenih različitim sistemima rasadnicke proizvodnje. Glasnik Šumarskog fakulteta, Beograd 54.

Stjepanović St, Ivetić V (2013) Morphological indicators of the quality of one-year-old bare-root seedlings of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.). Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry 107: 205-216. https://doi.org/10.2298/GSF1307201S

Šmit S, Kitić D, Marković D, Mancić A (1985) Analiza razvoja kultura osnovanih na serpentinskoj geološkoj podlozi sadnicama sa zašticenim korenovim sistemom. In: Proceedings, Savetovanje - Razvoj šumskih kultura u SR. Srbiji osnovanih sadnicama proizvedenim u kontejnerima od tvrde plastike, Kraljevo.

Thompson BE (1985) Seedling morphological evaluation - what you can tell by looking. In: Proceedings, Evaluating seedling quality: principles, procedures, and predictive abilities of major tests Workshop; October 16-18; Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis: 59-71. ISBN 0-87437-000-0

Tinus RW, McDonald SE (1979) How to grow seedlings in containers in greenhouses. USDA. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-60: 256.

Topić V, Đurđević Z, Butorac L, Jelić G (2006) Influence of container type on growth and development of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) seedlings in nursery (In Croatian: Utjecaj tipa kontejnera na rast i razvoj sadnica pinije (Pinus pinea L.) u rasadniku.) Radovi 9: 149-158.

Tsakaldimi M, Zagas T, Tsitsoni T, Ganatsas P (2005) Root morphology, stem growth and field performance of seedlings of two Mediterranean evergreen oak species raised in different container types. Plant Soil (2005) 278:85–93. doi: 10.1007/s11104-005-2580-1

Tsitsoni T, Tsakaldimi M, Maria Gousiopoulou M (2015) Studying Shoot and Root architecture and growth of Quercus ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis Seedlings; Key Factors for Successful Restoration of Mediterranean Ecosystems. Ecologia Mediterranea 41(2): 27-34. https://doi.org/10.3406/ecmed.2015.1240

Tsakaldimi M, Ganatsas P, Jacobs DF (2013) Prediction of planted seedling survival of five Mediterranean species based on initial seedling morphology. New Forest 44: 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9339-3

Wang J, Li G, Pinto JR, Liu J, Shi W, Liu Y (2015) Both nursery and field performance determine suitable nitrogen supply of nursery-grown, exponentially fertilized Chinese pine. Silva Fenn 49/3: id1295. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1295

Downloads

Published

2020-06-30

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

“Growth and Quality of Pinus Nigra (Arn.), Pinus Sylvestris (L.) and Pinus Pinaster (Aiton) Seedlings in Two Container Types”. REFORESTA, no. 9 (June 30, 2020): 21–36. Accessed November 26, 2024. https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/125.