An overview of seeding methods to restore tropical forests of Brazil

Vera Lex Engel; Diego  Cerveira de Souza; John A. Parrotta

doi:10.21750/REFOR.21.07.137

Authors

Vera Lex Engel São Paulo State University-UNESP, Campus of Botucatu, School of Agricultural Sciences, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
Diego Cerveira de Souza Public Prosecution Office of the State of Minas Gerais, Patos de Minas-MG, Brazil
John A. Parrotta International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Rio Piedras, PR, USA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.21.07.137

Keywords:

Atlantic Forest, seed functional traits, ecological restoration, muvuca, seed networks, seed dormancy

Abstract

Brazil contains 15–20% of the world’s biodiversity, with forests originally covering 88% of its territory, now reduced to about 58%. The country has committed to restoring at least 12 million ha of forests by 2030. Seeding is a cost-effective method for tropical forest restoration, widely used in Brazil, but its effectiveness for species-rich forests is still uncertain due to low establishment rates for many species. Most seeding research has involved relatively few species, and many are short-lived, raising concerns about long-term ecosystem development. Invasive grasses and loss of native species are major barriers to restoration. There is a significant gap between seed demand for restoration and current production capacity. Seed dormancy can be a barrier to rapid establishment; treatments to break dormancy must be tailored to species and site conditions. Large-seeded species and those with certain functional traits (e.g., deep roots, storage cotyledons) perform best. The main sowing methods are broadcast, line, and seeding holes, each suited to different site conditions. Muvuca is a notable technique involving a diverse seed mix for large-scale restoration. High sowing rates are often necessary due to low emergence and establishment rates. Fencing and ant control (especially leaf-cutter ants (Atta spp. and Acromyrmex spp.)) are critical to protect seeds and seedlings from herbivory and physical damage. Ongoing weed control is essential for successful establishment. Seed availability, low establishment rates, and competition with invasive species are the major limiting factors.

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Author Biographies

Vera Lex Engel, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Campus of Botucatu, School of Agricultural Sciences, Botucatu-SP, Brazil

São Paulo State University-UNESP, Campus of Botucatu, School of Agricultural Sciences, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
Diego Cerveira de Souza, Public Prosecution Office of the State of Minas Gerais, Patos de Minas-MG, Brazil

Public Prosecution Office of the State of Minas Gerais, Patos de Minas-MG, Brazil
John A. Parrotta, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Rio Piedras, PR, USA

International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Rio Piedras, PR, USA

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