Seeding of tropical tree species in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.21.06.136Keywords:
tropical rain forest, seed traits, seed briquettes, biofertilizer, aerial seeding, cost comparisonAbstract
Indonesia’s more than 120 million ha of forest are considered a global biodiversity hotspot. Over-exploitation, land conversion, fires, and natural disasters have degraded almost 13 million ha. In response, the government has launched various restoration programs, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decrease vulnerability to disasters like floods, landslides, and droughts. Indonesia aims to restore 12 million ha of forests and 2 million ha of peatlands by 2030. Seeding is a cost-effective alternative to planting seedlings, suitable for large-scale restoration, especially in remote or labor-limited areas. Success depends on species selection, seed quality, land preparation, timing, and maintenance. Seed encapsulation in briquettes or balls can be adapted for aerial seeding using drones or helicopters. Biofertilizers and hydrogels can improve germination and survival. Medium- to large-seeded species generally perform better in seeding applications. Land preparation (clearing and soil loosening at the sowing point or plot) and optimal sowing time (early-mid rainy season) are critical for success. Weeds are controlled around seedlings typically for up to three years until plants are established. Seeding costs about half as much as planting polybag seedlings for the same number of surviving plants. Further research is needed to optimize seeding practices for various species and site conditions.
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