Use of copper in pine nurseries
Keywords:
Nutrition, Foliar analysis, Soil testing, Hidden hunger, ToxicityAbstract
Copper has been used by nursery managers for more than 100 years to suppress fungi and as a fertilizer for more than 50 years. Consequently, nursery seedlings with copper deficiencies are rare, especially for broadleaf species. In many nurseries, soil contains <10 μg-Cu g-1 and in greenhouse trials, pine seedlings are relatively tolerant of soil levels with 35 μg-Cu g-1. A million bareroot pine seedlings may contain 50 to 100 g-Cu and, when soil tests indicate low copper levels, managers might apply 1 kg-Cu per million seedlings. In contrast, it may take only 15 g-Cu to produce one million container-grown seedlings. Copper fertilization is typically not required when 30 cm of applied irrigation water contains 0.1 μg-Cu g-1 (supplying 0.3 kg-Cu ha-1). This review highlights some of the past and current uses of copper in bareroot and container nurseries with a focus on deficiency and toxicity effects as well as the impact of various copper-based products and provides recommendations on ideal soil and foliar ranges.
Downloads
References
Abrahamson LP, Bickelhaupt DH (eds) (1980) Proceedings, North American Forest Tree Nursery Soils Workshop. State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY. 333 p. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000007190872&view=1up&seq=9
Acevedo M, Rubilar R, Dumroese RK, Ovalle JF, Sandoval S, Chassin-Trubert R (2020) Nitrogen loading of Eucalyptus globulus seedlings: nutritional dynamics and influence on morphology and root growth potential. New For 51: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-020-09778-2
Adriaensen K, Vrålstad T, Noben JP, Vangronsveld J, Colpaert JV (2005) Copper-adapted Suillus luteus, a symbiotic solution for pines colonizing Cu mine spoils. Appl Environ Microbiol 71(11): 7279-7284. https://aem.asm.org/content/71/11/7279.short
Albano JP (2012) Effects of FeEDDS and EDDS on peat-based substrate pH and Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn solubility. HortScience 47(2): 269-274.
https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.47.2.269
Aldhous JR (1972) Nursery Practice. Forestry Commission Bull. 43, London, UK: 284 p. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009819089
Aldhous JR, Mason WL (1994) Forest Nursery Practice. Forestry Commission Bull. 111, London, UK: 268 p. https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/6578/FCBU111.pdf
Aldrete A, Mexal JG, Phillips R, Vallotton AD (2002) Copper coated polybags improve seedling morphology for two nursery-grown Mexican pine species. For Ecol Manage 163(1-3): 197-204. http://www.academia.edu/download/47399426/s0378-1127_2801_2900579-520160721-11676-1ns29i4.pdf
Aleksandrowicz-Trzcinska M, Szaniawski A, Studnicki M, Bederska-Blaszczyk, Olchowik J, Urban A (2018) The effect of silver and copper nanoparticles on the growth and mycorrhizal colonisation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in a container nursery experiment. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry 11(5): 690-697. https://iforest.sisef.org/contents/?id=ifor2855-011
Alloway BJ (2008) Micronutrients and crop production. In: Alloway BJ (ed) Micronutrient deficiencies in global crop production. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6860-7_1
Altland JE, Jeong KY (2016) Dolomitic lime amendment affects pine bark substrate pH, nutrient availability, and plant growth: A review. HortTechnology 26(5): 565-573. https://journals.ashs.org/horttech/view/journals/horttech/26/5/article-p565.xml
Alva AK (1993) Copper contamination of sandy soils and effects on young Hamlin orange trees. B Environ Contam Tox 51(6): 857-864. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00198282
Anderson HW (1968) Effects of micro-nutrient elements on forest nursery seedlings. In: Proceedings, Biennial Meeting Western Forest Nursery Council 46-52. https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/1968/effects-of-micro-nutrient-elements-on-forest-nursery-seedlings/at_download/file
Anderson DA, Kinneer GU (1949) The use of copper naphthenate treated burlap in forest nursery operations. J Forest 47(6): 470-473. https://academic.oup.com/jof/article-abstract/47/6/470/4708178
Anwar G, Lilleskov EA, Chimner RA (2019) Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation has similar benefits to fertilization for Thuja occidentalis L. seedling nutrition and growth on peat soil over a range of pH: implications for restoration. New Forest 51(2): 297-311. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/download/58523.pdf
Adriaensen K, Vrålstad T, Noben JP, Vangronsveld J, Colpaert JV (2005) Copper-adapted Suillus luteus, a symbiotic solution for pines colonizing Cu mine spoils. Appl Environ Microbiol 71(11): 7279-7284. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:Yrb8I3r_ZPcJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,41&scillfp=12066972748260046555&oi=lle
Arduini I, Godbold DL, Onnis A (1995) Influence of copper on root growth and morphology of Pinus pinea L. and Pinus pinaster Ait. seedlings. Tree Physiol 15: 411-415.
https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/15.6.411
Arias M, López E, Fernández D, Soto B (2004) Copper distribution and dynamics in acid vineyard soils treated with copper-based fungicides. Soil Sci 169(11): 796-805. . https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ss.0000148739.82992.59
Armson KA, Sadreika V (1979) Forest tree nursery soil management and related practices. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto, ON. 177 p.
https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010690085
Arnold MA, Struve DK (1993) Root distribution and mineral uptake of coarse-rooted trees grown in cupric hydroxide-treated containers. HortSci 28(10): 988-992. https://journals.ashs.org/downloadpdf/journals/hortsci/28/10/article-p988.pdf
Arnold MA, Wilkerson DC, Lesikar BJ, Welsh DF (1997) Impacts of copper leaching from copper hydroxide-treated containers on water recycling, nursery runoff, and growth of baldcypress and corn. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 122(4): 574-581. https://journals.ashs.org/jashs/view/journals/jashs/122/4/article-p574.xml
Arvidsson B (1991) Developing a control system for fungal diseases in forest nursery seedbeds. In: Sutherland JR, Glover SG (eds) Proceedings, Diseases and Insects in Forest Nurseries. Forestry Canada, Victoria, BC: 235-237. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.905.8278&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=243
Aubertin GM, Smith DW, Patric JH (1973) Quantity and quality of streamflow after urea fertilization on a forested watershed: first year results. In Forest Fertilization Symposium Proceedings. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-3, Darby, Pennsylvania (pp. 88-100). http://www.srs.fs.fed.us/pubs/viewpub.jsp?index=3949
Auten JT (1945) Response of shortleaf and pitch pines to soil amendments and fertilizers in newly established nurseries in the central states. J Agric Res 70(12): 405-426.
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x004385460&view=1up&seq=6
Baker KF (ed) (1957) The UC system for producing healthy container-grown plants through the use of clean soil, clean stock, and sanitation. University of California, Division of Ag. Sci., Ag. Exp. Station, Extension Service. Manual 23. 332 p. https://archive.org/details/ucsystemforprodu23bake/mode/2up
Baker M, Peterson N, Kamble S (1990) Pesticide use on crops in Nebraska-1987: Agricultural Research Division. Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska Research Bulletin, 311. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1174&context=ardhistrb
Bales JD, Weaver JC, Robinson JB (1999) Relation of Land Use to Streamflow and Water Quality at Selected Sites in the City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1993-98. Water-Resources Investigations Report 1999–4180. US Geological Survey. 95 p. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4180/wri19994180.pdf
Bassett C (1960) Phytotoxicity of copper oxychloride on acid soils. The NZJ For 8(2): 248-249. http://www.nzjf.org.nz/free_issues/NZJF08_2_1960/33FE2C4C-E0A5-4254-8184-7545A905ED41.pdf
Baule H, Fricker C (1970) The fertilizer treatment of forest trees. BLV Verlag, Munich.
Bengtson GW (ed) (1968) Forest Fertilization-Theory and Practice. Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, AL: 316 p. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001516717
Benzian B (1965) Experiments on nutrition problems in forest nurseries. Forestry Commission Bull. 37. p, 251. https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/6505/FCBU037_vol1.pdf
Benzian B, Warren RG (1956) Copper deficiency in Sitka spruce seedlings. Nature 178(4538): 864-865. https://doi.org/10.1038/178864a0
Benzian B, Freeman SCR, Patterson HD (1972) Comparison of crop rotations, and of rertilizer with compost, in long-term experiments with Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in two English nurseries. Forestry 45(2): 145-176. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1022.722&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Bhandari B, Ficklin RL (2009) Characterizing the variability of physical and chemical properties across the soil individuals mapped as Amy silt loam soils in southeastern Arkansas. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 63(1): 34-43. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1403&context=jaas
Bi G, Scagel CF, Cheng L, Fuchigami L (2005) Effects of defoliants (CuEDTA and ZnSO4) and foliar urea on defoliation, nitrogen reserves and regrowth performance of almond nursery plants. J Hort Sci Biotechnol 80(6): 746-750. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2005.11512009
Birchler TM, Rose R, Haase DL (2001) Fall fertilization with N and K: effects on Douglas-fir seedling quality and performance. West J Appl For 16(2): 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/16.2.71
Blythe EK, Merhaut DJ, Newman JP, Albano JP (2006) Nutrient release from controlled-release fertilizers in acid substrate in a greenhouse environment: II. Leachate calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, and molybdenum concentrations. HortSci 41(3): 788-793. https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/downloadpdf/journals/hortsci/41/3/article-p788.pdf
Bodo BA (1989) Heavy metals in water and suspended particulates from an urban basin impacting Lake Ontario. Sci Total Environ 87-88: 329-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(89)90246-5
Bonneau M (1971) Causes de la déformation des jeunes Douglas dans le Limousin. Annales des Sciences Forestières 28(3): 341-353. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest/19710301
Boyer JN, South DB (1985) Nutrient content of nursery-grown loblolly pine seedlings. Circular 282. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn University, AL: 27 p. http://131.204.73.195/bitstream/handle/11200/2067/1279CIRC.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Brix H, van den Driessche R (1974) Mineral nutrition of container grown tree seedlings. In: Tinus RW, Stein WI, Balmer WE (eds) Proceedings, North American Containerized Forest Tree Seedling Symposium. Publication 68. Great Plains Agric. Counc. Denver, CO: 77-84.
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015006879780&view=1up&seq=7
Brown PH (2008) Micronutrient use in agriculture in the United States of America. In: Alloway BJ (ed) Micronutrient deficiencies in global crop production. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: 267–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6860-7_11
Burdett AN (1978) Controlling root morphogenesis for improved mechanical stability in container grown lodgepole pine. Can J For Res 8(4): 483-486. https://doi.org/10.1139/x78-072
Burns RM (1960) Copper carbonate-boom or bane. Tree Planters' Notes 40: 5-6. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/11-1/PDF.2004-08-06.3415/at_download/file
Caldwell WS (1992) Selected water-quality and biological characteristics of streams in some forested basins of North Carolina, 1985-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4129, 114 p. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri924129
Carey ML, Hammond RF, McCarthy RG (1985) Plantation forestry on cutaway raised bogs and fen peats in the Republic of Ireland. Irish Forestry 42(2): 106-122. https://journal.societyofirishforesters.ie/index.php/forestry/article/download/9573/8696
Carlson CA, Fox TR, Allen HL, Albaugh TJ, Rubilar RA, Stape JL (2013) Growth responses of loblolly pine in the Southeast United States to midrotation applications of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients. For Sci 60(1): 157-169. https://academic.oup.com/forestscience/article-abstract/60/1/157/4584025
Close DC, Bail I, Beadle CL, Clasen QC (2003) Physical and nutritional characteristics and performance after planting of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. seedlings from ten nurseries: implications for seedling specifications. Aust Forestry 66(2): 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2003.10674904
Coburn DC, Moreno RE (2007) E-media and crop nutrition monitoring. In: Riley LE, Dumroese RK, Landis TD (eds) Proceedings, forest and conservation nursery associations-2006. RMRS-P-50. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO: 27-35. https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/2006/e-media-and-crop-nutrition-monitoring/at_download/file
Coleman M, Dunlap J, Dutton DW, Bledsoe C (1987) Nursery and field evaluation of compost-grown coniferous seedlings. In: Landis TD (ed) Proceedings, Combined Meeting of the Western Forest Nursery Associations. GTR-RM-137. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO: 24-28.
Coultas CL, Hsieh YP, McKee WH (1991) Loblolly pine seedling response to fertilizer and lime treatments on a Spodosol. Soil Sci Soc Am J 55(3): 830-833.
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500030033x
Cumming JR, Weinstein LH (1990) Aluminum-mycorrhizal interactions in the physiology of pitch pine seedlings. Plant Soil 125(1): 7-18.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00010739
Danielson RM (1966) The effect of soil fumigation on seedling growth, mycorrhizae, and the associated microflora of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) roots. MS thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. 148 p. https://catalog.lib.ncsu.edu/catalog/NCSU505934
Davey CB (2002) Using soil test results to determine fertilizer applications. In: Dumroese RK, Riley LE, Landis TD (eds) Proceedings, forest and conservation nursery associations-1999, 2000, and 2001. RMRS-P-24. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden UT: 22-26.
https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/1999/davey.pdf
Davey CB, Krause HH (1980) Functions and maintenance of organic matter in forest nursery soils. In: Proceedings North American Forest Tree Nursery Soils Workshop. SUNY, Syracuse, NY: 130-165.
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000007190872&view=1up&seq=9
Davey CB, McNabb K (2019) The management of seedling nutrition. In: McNabb K, Pike C (eds) Nursery Guide for the Production of Bareroot Hardwood Seedlings. Agriculture Handbook 733. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC: 75-87.
Davis AS, Jacobs DF, Wightman KE, Birge ZK (2006) Organic matter added to bareroot nursery beds influences soil properties and morphology of Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Quercus rubra seedlings. New Forest 31(2): 293-303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-7484-7
Davis M, Xue J, Clinton P (2015) Planted‐forest nutrition. New Zealand Forest Research Institute, SCION Publication S, 14. 126 p. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286931750_Planted_forest_Nutrition
Dell B (1994) Copper nutrition of Eucalyptus maculata Hook. seedlings: Requirements for growth, distribution of copper and the diagnosis of copper deficiency. Plant Soil 167(2): 181-187.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007943
Dell B, Malajczuk N, Xu D, Grove T (2001) Nutrient disorders in plantation eucalypts. Monograph 74. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia: 188 p.
https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/23819/
Dell B, Robinson JM T (1993) Symptoms of mineral nutrient deficiencies and the nutrient concentration ranges in seedlings of Eucalyptus maculata Hook. Plant Soil 155/156(4): 255-261.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00025032
de Vries ML (1963) The effect of simazine on Monterey pine and corn as influenced by lime, bases, and aluminum sulfate. Weeds 11(3): 220-222. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4040588
Dick MA, Vanner AL (2008) Nursery diseases. New Zealand Forest Service, Forest Research Institute, Forest Pathology in New Zealand No. 16. 27 p.
Dickey RD (1965) Copper deficiency of some container grown woody ornamental plants. Proc Fla State Hort Soc 78:386-392. https://journals.flvc.org/fshs/article/view/100559/96514
Dierauf TA (1991) A five-year study of different sawdust and nitrogen rates in a loblolly pine nursery. Occasional Report 94. Virginia Department of Forestry, Charlottesville, VA: 19 p.
http://dof.sitevision.com/infopubs/_research-reports/report-0094.pdf
Domek MJ, LeChevallier MW, Cameron SC, McFeters GA (1984) Evidence for the role of copper in the injury process of coliform bacteria in drinking water. Appl Environ Microbiol 48(2): 289-293.
https://aem.asm.org/content/aem/48/2/289.full.pdf
Donald DGM (1991) Nursery fertilization of conifer planting stock. In: van den Driessche R (ed) Mineral nutrition of conifer seedlings. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL: 135-167.https://tinyurl.com/yx87h58g
dos Santos HZ (2006) Morphological and nutritional development of three species of nursery-grown hardwood seedlings in Tennessee. MS thesis, Auburn University, Auburn. 80 p.
https://etd.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/10415/586/SANTOS_HUMBERTO_13.pdf.txt?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
Driscoll PJ (2004) Copper toxicity on Florida citrus--Why did it happen? Proc Fla State Hort Soc 117:124-127. https://journals.flvc.org/fshs/article/view/85866/82782
Dumroese R, Pinto J, Heiskanen J, Tervahauta A, McBurney K, Page-Dumroese D, Englund K (2018) Biochar can be a suitable replacement for Sphagnum peat in nursery production of Pinus ponderosa seedlings. Forests 9(5): 232. https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/9/5/232/pdf
Dumroese RK, Sung SJS, Pinto JR, Ross-Davis A, Scott DA (2013) Morphology, gas exchange, and chlorophyll content of longleaf pine seedlings in response to rooting volume, copper root pruning, and nitrogen supply in a container nursery. New Forest 44(6): 881-897. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/download/45743.pdf
Dumroese RK, Thompson G, Wenny DL (1990) Lime-amended growing medium causes seedling growth distortions. Tree Planters' Notes 41(3): 12-17. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/41-3/lime-amended-growing-medium-causes-seedling-growth-distortions-1/at_download/file
Dumroese RK, Wenny DL (1997) Fertilizer regimes for container grown conifers of the Intermountain West. In: Haase DL, Rose R (eds) Proceedings, forest seedling nutrition from the nursery to the field. Nursery Technology Cooperative, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR: 28-29.
Duncan DA, Whitaker LB (1959) Cattle repellents for planted pine. Tree Planters’ Notes 36: 9-12. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/10-2/PDF.2004-08-06.5352/at_download/file
Ferguson ER (1960) Wood treated with penta can damage pine nursery seedlings. Tree Planters' Notes 38: 21-22. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/10-4/PDF.2004-08-06.1436/at_download/file
Fergusson J, Stewart C (1992) The transport of airborne trace elements copper, lead, cadmium, zinc and manganese from a city into rural areas. Sci Total Environ 121: 247-269. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004896979290319N
Fernandez-Cornejo J, Nehring RF, Osteen C, Wechsler S, Martin A, Vialou A (2014) Pesticide use in US agriculture: 21 selected crops, 1960-2008. USDA-ERS Economic Information Bulletin, (124). https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/178462/files/eib124.pdf
Ferreira FA, Muchovej JJ (1990) Diseases of forest nurseries in Brazil. Sutherland JR, Glover SG (eds) Proceedings, Diseases and Insects in Forest Nurseries. Forestry Canada, Victoria, BC: 17-23. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.905.8278&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=243
Flinn DW, Homans P, Craig FG (1980) Survey of the nutrient status of Pinus radiata seedlings and of soil properties in three Victorian nurseries. Aust Forestry 43(1): 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1980.10674246
Follett RH, Lindsay WL (1971) Changes in DTPA-extractable zinc, iron, manganese, and copper in soils following fertilization. Soil Sci Soc Am J 35(4): 600-602. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1971.03615995003500040034x
Forsee WT, Allison RV (1944) Evidence of phosphorus interference in the assimilation of copper by citrus on the organic soils of the lower east coast of Florida. Soil Sci Soc Fla Proc 6: 162-165.
Fraser S, Hood I, Rolando C (2019) Timing of copper application for control of red needle cast pot trial. New Zealand Forest Research Institute, SCION Technical Note 005. 4 p. https://fgr.nz/documents/download/7632
Fuentes D, Disante KB, Valdecantos A, Cortina J, Vallejo VR (2007a) Response of Pinus halepensis Mill. seedlings to biosolids enriched with Cu, Ni and Zn in three Mediterranean forest soils. Environ Pollut 145(1): 316-323. https://imem.ua.es/es/documentos/archivos-imem/articulos-investigadores/jordi-cortina/fuentes-et-al-2007-pinus.pdf
Fuentes D, Disante KB, Valdecantos A, Cortina J, Vallejo VR (2007b) Sensitivity of Mediterranean woody seedlings to copper, nickel and zinc. Chemosphere 66(3): 412-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.027
Garrido F, Illera V, Garcia-Gonzalez MT (2005) Effect of the addition of gypsum-and lime-rich industrial by-products on Cd, Cu and Pb availability and leachability in metal-spiked acid soils. Appl Geochem 20(2): 397-408. http://www.academia.edu/download/48866496/Effect_of_the_addition_of_gypsum-_and_li20160915-6208-2tr1u.pdf
Gartley KL, Sims JT, Olsen CT, Chu P (2002) Comparison of soil test extractants used in mid-Atlantic United States. Commun Soil Sci Plan 33(5-6): 873-895. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120003072
Gherardi MJ, Dell B, Huang L (1999) Functional copper requirement for catechol oxidase activity in plantation Eucalyptus species. Plant Soil 210(1): 75-81. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004643317708
Gianessi LP, Marcelli MB (2000) Pesticide use in US crop production: National summary report. National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7885/9291c73d10932c8f01a2fb870026b0c5443e.pdf
Gibson IAS (1958) Phytotoxic effects of copper fungicides on acid soils. East African Agric J 24(2): 125-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670074.1958.11665193
Gildon A, Tinker PB (1983) Interactions of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection and heavy metals in plants: I. the effects of heavy metals on the development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. New Phytologist 95(2): 247-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb03491.x
Goodwin AE, Straus DL (2006) Solid and liquid formulations of copper sulfate: efficacy at high and low alkalinities. N Am J Aquacult 68(4): 359-363. https:/doi.org/10.1577/A06-001.1
Gorgé JL, Lastra O, Chueca A, Lachica M (1985) Use of photosynthetic parameters for the diagnosis of copper deficiency in Pinus radiata seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum 65(4): 508-512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1985.tb08682.x
Goslin WE (1959) Effects of deficiencies of essential elements on the development and mineral composition of seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). PhD thesis, The Ohio State University. Columbus. 114 p. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:123562
Gruhn CM (1989) Effect of a heavy metal on ecto- and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: The physiology, ultrastructure, and ecology of copper stress and tolerance. PhD thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. 149 p. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/54531/LD5655.V856_1989.G769.pdf
Hacskaylo J, Finn RF, Vimmerstedt JP (1969) Deficiency symptoms of some forest trees. Research Bulletin 1015. Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH: 69 p. https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/62823/1/OARDC_research_bulletin_n1015.pdf
Hamilton JR, Jackson LWR (1951) Treatment of shortleaf pine and loblolly pine seed with fungicidal dusts. Plant Disease Reporter 35(6): 274-276.
Hartley CP (1915) Injury by disinfectants to seeds and roots in sandy soils. Agriculture Bulletin 169. USDA, Washington, DC: 35 p.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/216b/7cd33e9a245021dce0c789fda597682ccc77.pdf
Heale EL, Ormrod DP (1982) Effects of nickel and copper on Acer rubrum, Cornus stolonifera, Lonicera tatarica, and Pinus resinosa. Can J Bot 60(12): 2674–2681.
https://doi.org/10.1139/b82-325
Heckman JR, Sims JT, Beegle DB, Coale FJ, Herbert SJ, Bruulsema TW, Bamka WJ (2003) Nutrient removal by corn grain harvest. Agron J 95(3): 587-591. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.5870
Hein GL, Kamble ST, Vorhees W, Waggoner W (1994) EC94-1559-D Pesticide Use on Specialty Crops in Nebraska 1992. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5725&context=extensionhist
Heiskanen J (1995) Irrigation regime affects water and aeration conditions in peat growth medium and the growth of containerized Scots pine seedlings. New Forest 9(3): 181-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00035486
Helm CW, Kuser JE (1991) Container growing pitch pine: germination, soil pH, and outplanting size. North J Appl For 8(2): 63-68. https://doi.org/10.1093/njaf/8.2.63
Helmisaari HS (1990) Temporal variation in nutrient concentrations of Pinus sylvestris needles. Scand J Forest Res 5(1-4): 177-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827589009382604
Hippler FWR, Boaretto RM, Quaggio JA, Mattos D (2017) Copper in citrus production: required but avoided. Citrus Research & Technology 38(1): 99-106.
https://doi.org/10.4322/crt.ICC0123/pdf/citrusrt-38-1-95.pdf
Hofmann JV (1914) Natural reproduction of coniferous forests. PhD thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. 91 p. https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/178000/una-dissertation-0030.pdf?sequence=1
Holmgren GGS, Meyer MW, Chaney RL, Daniels RB (1993) Cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, and nickel in agricultural soils of the United States of America. J Environ Qual 22(2): 335-348.
https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200020015x
Hopmans P, Flinn DW (1983) Nutrient requirements in three Victorian radiata pine nurseries with contrasting soils. Aust Forestry 46(2): 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1983.10674386
Hubbel KL, Ross-Davis AL, Pinto JR, Burney OT, Davis AS (2018) Toward sustainable cultivation of Pinus occidentalis Swartz in Haiti: effects of alternative growing media and containers on seedling growth and foliar chemistry. Forests 9(7): 422-1-14. https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/9/7/422/pdf
Hunt GA (1990) Effect of styroblock design and cooper treatment on morphology of conifer seedlings. In: Rose R, Campbell SJ, Landis TD (eds) Proceedings, target seedling symposium. GTR-RM-200. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO: 218-222. https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/1990/hunt.pdf/at_download/file
Hunter IR, Hunter JAC, Nicholson G (1990) Current problems in the copper nutrition of radiata pine in New Zealand: a review. For Ecol Manage 37(1-3): 143-149.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037811279090052D
Ivanov YV, Kartashov AV, Ivanova AI, Savochkin YV, Kuznetsov VV (2016) Effects of copper deficiency and copper toxicity on organogenesis and some physiological and biochemical responses of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings grown in hydroculture. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(17): 17332-17344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6929-1
Iyer JG, Benson DA (1981) Tree bark as a source of organic matter in nursery soils. Tree Planters’ Notes 32(1): 23-25. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/32-1/32_1_23_25.pdf/at_download/file
Iyer JG, Love JR (1974) Using micronutrient fertilizers in forest nurseries for invigorating stunted stock. Tree Planters' Notes 25(2):13-14. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/25-2/PDF.2003-09-25.2235/at_download/file
Iyer JG, Wilde SA (1974) Micronutrients in tree nursery soils: Their behavior, and importance, and an appraisal of their deficiencies. Soil Sci 118(4): 267-269.
Jackson DP, Dumroese RK, Barnett JP (2012) Nursery response of container Pinus palustris seedlings to nitrogen supply and subsequent effects on outplanting performance. For Ecol Manage 265: 1-12. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/download/39918.pdf
Jacobs DF, Landis TD (2014) Plant nutrition and fertilization. In: Wilkinson KM, Landis TD, Haase DL, Daley BF, Dumroese RK (eds) Tropical Nursery Manual. Agricultural Handbook 732. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC: 232-251. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/46345
Jacobson AR, Dousset S, Guichard N, Baveye P, Andreux F (2005) Diuron mobility through vineyard soils contaminated with copper. Environ Pollut 138(2): 250-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.004
Jeyakumar P, Loganathan P, Anderson CW, Sivakumaran S, McLaren RG (2014) Comparative tolerance of Pinus radiata and microbial activity to copper and zinc in a soil treated with metal-amended biosolids. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21(5): 3254-3263.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2271-z
Jokela EJ (2004) Nutrient management of southern pines. In: Dickens ED, Barnett JP, Hubbard WG, Jokela EJ (eds) Slash pine: still growing and growing. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS–76. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC: 27-35. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs076.pdf
Jones MD, Hutchinson TC (1986) The effect of mycorrhizal infection on the response of Betula papyrifera to nickel and copper. New Phytologist 102(3): 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1986.tb00820.x
Kais A (1975) Fungicidal control of Scirrhia acicola on longleaf pine seedlings. Plant Disease Reporter 59(8): 686-688. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31175001303281&view=1up&seq=208
Keča N (2016) Review of the most important pathogens in Serbian forest nurseries. Reforesta 1(1): 164-177. https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.1.09.9
Karmiłowicz E (2019) The use of fungicides in a protection of forest nurseries against fungal diseases in Poland. Progress in Plant Protection 59(1): 53-61.
http://www.progress.plantprotection.pl/download.php?ma_id=3439
Kitchin PC (1920) Preliminary report on chemical weed control in coniferous nurseries. J Forestry 18(2): 157-159. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/18.2.157
Knight JN (1983) Chemical defoliation of nursery stock using chelated forms of copper and iron. Journal of Horticultural Science 58(4): 471-476. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221589.1983.11515145
Knight PJ (1975) Copper deficiency in Pinus radiata in a peat soil nursery. NZJ For Sci 5(2): 209-218.
https://www.scionresearch.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/31015/NZJFS51975KNIGHT209_218.pdf
Knight PJ (1978) The nutrient content of Pinus radiata seedlings: a survey of planting stock from 17 New Zealand forest nurseries. NZJ For Sci 8(1): 54-69. https://www.scionresearch.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/37185/NZJFS811978KNIGHT54_69.pdf
Korcak RF, Gouin FR, Fanning DS (1979) Metal content of plants and soils in a tree nursery treated with composted sludge. J Environ Qual 8(1): 63-68. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1979.00472425000800010014x
Korthals GW, Bongers T, Kammenga JE, Alexiev AD, Lexmond (1996) Long‐term effects of copper and pH on the nematode community in an agroecosystem. Environ Toxicol Chem 15(6): 979-985. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150621
Kramer MJ (2008) Fertilizer effects on soil pH, soil nutrients, and nutrient uptake in swamp white and pin oak seedlings on an alkaline Missouri River bottomland. MS thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia. 156 p. https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/5727/research.pdf
Krueger KW (1967) Foliar mineral content of forest-and nursery-grown Douglas-fir seedlings. Research Paper PNW-45. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Portland, OR: 12 p. https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_rp045.pdf
Kubota J (1983) Copper status of United States soils and forage plants. Agron J 75(6): 913-918. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1983.00021962007500060014x
Kuhns LJ, Sydnor TD (1976) Copper toxicity in woody ornamentals. Journal of Arboriculture 90: 68-73. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6082/3a157ef329659a774e095a24c5bb5918254f.pdf
Kukkola E, Rautio P, Huttunen S (2000) Stress indications in copper- and nickel-exposed Scots pine seedlings. Environ Exp Bot 43(3): 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(99)00057-X
Laiho O, Mikola P (1964) Studies on the effect of some eradicants on mycorrhizal development in forest nurseries. Acta For Fenn 77: 1-34. https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/17658/77-1964_Laiho.pdf?sequence=1
Lambert DH (1982) Response of sweetgum to mycorrhizae, phosphorus, copper, zinc, and sewage sludge. Can J For Res 12(4): 1024-1027. https://doi.org/10.1139/x82-149
Lambert DH, Weidensaul TC (1982) Copper requirements of container-grown conifer seedlings. Can J For Res 12(4): 848-852.https://doi.org/10.1139/x82-126
Landis TD (1988) Management of forest nursery soils dominated by calcium salts. New Forest 2(3): 173-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00029987
Landis TD (2013) Controlling pests that are spread in irrigation water. Forest Nursery Notes 33(1): 14-26. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8b3b/842034a210994720b7fd505211a8115802ac.pdf
Landis TD, Davey CB (2009) Determining fertilizer rates and scheduling applications in bareroot nurseries. Forest Nursery Notes 29(2): 14-21. https://rngr.net/publications/fnn/2009-summer/2009-summer-forest-nursery-notes/at_download/file
Landis TD, Pinto JR, Davis AS (2009) Fertigation - injecting soluble fertilizers into the irrigation system. Forest Nursery Notes 29(2): 1-13. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/download/36991.pdf
Landis TD, Haase DL, Dumroese RK (2005) Plant nutrient testing and analysis in forest and conservation nurseries. In: Dumroese RK, Riley LE (eds) Proceedings, forest and conservation nursery associations-2004. RMRS-P-35. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO: 76-83.
https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/2004/pdf.2005-10-14.6129984407/at_download/file
Landis TD, Tinus RW, McDonald SE, Barnett JP (1989) Seedling nutrition and irrigation. In: The container tree nursery manual. Agricultural Handbook 674, Volume 4. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC: 119 p.https://rngr.net/publications/ctnm/volume-4
Landis TD, van Steenis E (2000) Micronutrients: copper. Tree Planters’ Notes 49(3): 44-48. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/49-3/micronutrients-copper/at_download/file
Leaf AL (1965) Nursery Soil Improvement Sessions. State University College of Forestry at Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY:105 p. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010837341/Home
Liegel LH, Venator CR (1987) A technical guide for forest nursery management in the Caribbean and Latin America. GTR-SO-67. USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA: 156 p.https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_so067.pdf
Lombardo M, Melati RM, Orecchio S (2001) Assessment of the quality of the air in the city of Palermo through chemical and cell analyses on Pinus needles. Atmos Environ 35(36): 6435-6445. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00348-X
López Gorgé J, Lastra O, Chueca A, Lachica M (1985) Use of photosynthetic parameters for the diagnosis of copper deficiency in Pinus radiata seedlings. Physiol Plant 65(4): 508-512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1985.tb08682.x
Lozano FC, Morrison IK (1982) Growth and nutrition of white pine and white spruce seedlings in solutions of various nickel and copper concentrations. J Environ Qual 11(3): 437-441. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1982.00472425001100030024x
Lyle ES (1969) Mineral deficiency symptoms in loblolly pine seedlings. Agron J 61(3): 395-398. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1969.00021962006100030019x
Lyle ES (1972) Diagnosing mineral deficiency by foliar fertilization. Tree Planters’ Notes 23(1): 23-24. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/23-1/pdf.2005-06-10.6585368179/at_download/file
MacDonald NW, Hart JB, Nguyen PV (1986) Simulated acid rain effects on jack pine seedling establishment and nutrition. Soil Sci Soc Am J 50(1): 219-225. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000010042x
Mace A, Ridley L, Parrish G, Barker I, MacArthur R, Rainford J, Garthwaite D (2018) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 286. Arable Crops in the United Kingdom. York. 72 p. https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/pusstats/surveys/documents/orchards2018.pdf
Mahler RL (2004) General overview of nutrition for field and container crops. In National proceeding: forest and conservation nursery associations. In: Riley LE, Dumroese RK, Landis TD (eds) Proceedings, forest and conservation nursery associations-2003. RMRS-P-33. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO: 26-29. https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/2003/PDF.2004-06-08.5036/at_download/file
Majid NM, Ballard TM (1990) Effects of foliar application of copper sulphate and urea on the growth of lodgepole pine. For Ecol Manage 37(1-3): 151-165. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037811279090053E
Majid NM (1984) Some aspects of boron, copper and iron nutrition of lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir. PhD thesis, University of British Columbia. Vancouver. 172 p. https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/831/831/items/1.0096652
Manninen AM, Laatikainen T, Holopainen T (1998) Condition of Scots pine fine roots and mycorrhiza after fungicide application and low-level ozone exposure in a 2-year field experiment. Trees 12(6): 347-355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004680050161
Marx DH, Cordell CE, Kenney DS, Mexal JG, Artman JD, Riffle JW, Molina RJ (1984) Commercial vegetative inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius and inoculation techniques for development of ectomycorhizae on bare-root tree seedlings. For Sci 30(3): Monograph 25. https://academic.oup.com/forestscience/article-abstract/30/suppl_1/a0001/4656736
Massey HF (1972) pH and soluble Cu, Ni and Zn in eastern Kentucky coal mine spoil materials. Soil Sci 114(3): 217-221. https://journals.lww.com/soilsci/Citation/1972/09000/PH_AND_SOLUBLE_CU,_NI_AND_ZN_IN_EASTERN_KENTUCKY.9.aspx
Maxwell JW (1988) Macro and micronutrient programmes in B.C. bareroot nurseries. In: Landis TD (ed) Proceedings, Combined Meeting of the Western Forest Nursery Associations. GTR-RM-167. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO: 11-14. https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/1988/maxwell.pdf/at_download/file
May B, Smethurst P, Carlyle C, Mendham D, Bruce J, Baillie C (2009) Review of fertiliser use in Australian forestry. Forest and wood products Australia limited project number: RC072–0708. Victoria, Australia. 96 p. https://www.fwpa.com.au/images/processing/PRC072-0708_Fertiliser_Review_Research_Report_0.pdf
May JT (1984) Nutrients and fertilization. In: Lantz CW (ed) Southern pine nursery handbook. USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, Atlanta, GA: 1201-1241. https://rngr.net/publications/spnh/PDF.2003-08-12.3705/at_download/file
McCain AH, Smith PC (1978) Evaluation of fungicides for control of Botrytis blight of container-grown redwood seedlings. Tree Planters' Notes 29(4): 12-13. https://npn.rngr.net/publications/tpn/29-4/29_4_12_13.pdf/at_download/file
McGuire MA (1998) Effects of stock type, fall nursery fertilization and ectomycorrhizal inoculation on survival of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings planted on lignite minespoil. MS thesis, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches. 144 p.
http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1247&context=forestry
McLaren RG, Hogg DS, Swift RS (1990) Some factors affecting the availability of native and applied soil copper in New Zealand soils. For Ecol Manage 37(1-3): 131-142. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/037811279090051C
McQuilkin WE (1950) Preservative treatments for cloth nursery-bed covers. J Forest 48(8): 351-353. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/48.8.351
Mead DJ, Mansur I (1993) Vector analysis of foliage data to study competition for nutrients and moisture: an agroforestry example. NZJ For Sci 23: 27-39. https://www.scionresearch.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/17713/NZJFS2311993MEAD27_39.pdf
Mexal JG, Fisher JT (1987) Organic matter amendments to a calcareous forest nursery soil. New Forest 1(4): 311-323.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00031741
Mexal JG, Phillips R, Neumann R (1995) Mexican conifers’ response to fertilizer type indicates difference between value and cost. Tree Planters’ Notes 46(4): 126-129. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/46-4/46_4_126_129.PDF/at_download/file
Miller HG (1990) Management of water and nutrient relations in European forests. For Ecol Manage 30(1-4): 425-436.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378112790901522
Miller RL, Roach WK (1980) Pesticide use survey in Ohio nurseries. Research Circular 254. Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH: 16 p. https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/70715/1/OARDC_research_circular_n254.pdf
Mitchell CC, Huluka G (2012) The basis for soil testing in Alabama. Agronomy and Soils Departmental Series No. 324A. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Alabama: 23 p. http://aurora.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/11200/44101/ay-324A.pdf?sequence=2
Mitchell RJ, Garrett HE, Cox GS, Atalay A (1990) Boron and ectomycorrhizal influences on mineral nutrition of container-grown Pinus ehinata Mill. J Plant Nutr 13(12): 1555-1574. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169009364175
Munson KR (1982) Decomposition, function, and maintenance of organic matter in a sandy nursery. PhD thesis, University of Florida. Gainesville. 98 p.
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93103#page/1/mode/1up
Muyambo P (2017) Modelling aboveground biomass and nutrient export in South African Pinus elliottii. MS thesis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch. 94. http://scholar.sun.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10019.1/101267/muyambo_modelling_2017.pdf
Mylavarapu RS, Sanchez JF, Nguyen JH, Bartos JM (2002) Evaluation of Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 extraction procedures for plant nutrients in acid mineral soils of Florida. Commun Soil Sci Plan 33(5-6): 807-820. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120003067
Neuwinger I, Schinner F (1980) The influence of compound fertilizer and cupric sulfate on the growth and the bioelement content of cembra pine seedlings (Pinus cembra). Plant Soil 57(2-3): 257-270.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02211686
Nieminen TM, Derome J, Saarsalmi A (2004) The applicability of needle chemistry for diagnosing heavy metal toxicity to trees. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 157(1-4): 269-279. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WATE.0000038902.10041.69
North Carolina State Forest Nutrition Cooperative (NCSFNC) (1991) Descriptive statistics and relationships among soil and foliar characteristics in midrotation loblolly pine plantations. Res. Note 7. College of Forest Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC: 29 p.
North Carolina State Forest Nutrition Cooperative (NCSFNC) (1992) Characterization of foliar sulfur, boron, copper, manganese, and zinc concentrations in midrotation loblolly pine plantations. Res. Note 8. College of Forest Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC: 19 p.
Oldenkamp L, Smilde KW (1966) Copper deficiency in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Plant Soil 25(1): 150-152.https://www.jstor.org/stable/42932645
Oliet J, Segura ML, Dominguez FM, Blanco E, Serrada R, Arias ML, Artero F (1999) Los fertilizantes de liberación controlada lenta aplicados a la producción de planta forestal de vivero. Efecto de dosis y formulaciones sobre la calidad de Pinus halepensis Mill. Invest. Agr.: Sist Recur For 8(1): 207-228. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/IA/article/viewFile/2742/2110
Olykan ST, Adams JA (1995) Pinus radiata seedling growth and micronutrient uptake in a sand culture experiment, as affected by the form of nitrogen. NZJ For Sci 25(1): 49-60.
https://www.scionresearch.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/17378/NZJFS2511995OLYKAN49-60.pdf
Pardo T, Bernal MP, Clemente R (2014) Efficiency of soil organic and inorganic amendments on the remediation of a contaminated mine soil: I. Effects on trace elements and nutrients solubility and leaching risk. Chemosphere 107: 121-128. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514003725
Parsons LR, Wheaton TA, Castle WS (2001) High application rates of reclaimed water benefit citrus tree growth and fruit production. HortSci 36(7): 1273-1277. https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/downloadpdf/journals/hortsci/36/7/article-p1273.xml
Pawuk WH (1983) Fungicide control of algae in containers. Tree Planters’ Notes 34(4): 5-7. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/34-4/fungicide-control-of-algae-in-containers/at_download/file
Payne N, Nadel R, Enebak S (2019) Copper trials in loblolly pine seedbeds. Research Report 19-02. Auburn University Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative, Auburn University, AL: 3 p.
Phares RE (1964) Mineral nutrition of forest tree seedlings. PhD thesis, Iowa State University, Ames. 168 p. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/2713
Pietilaeinen P, Veijalainen H (1979) Effect of some micronutrient fertilizers on the height growth of pine seedlings on peatland. Suo 30(4-5): 73-80. https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/6609424
Plass WT (1969) Pine seedlings respond to liming of acid strip-mine spoil. Research Note NE-103. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby, PA: 8 p. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/download/19829.pdf
Ponder F, Kramer MJ, Eivazi F (2008) Effect of fertilizer treatments on an alkaline soil and on early performance of two bottomland oak species. GTR NRS-P-24. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA: 552-558. https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr-p-24%20papers/60ponder2-p-24.pdf
Potvin LR, Jurgensen MF, Dumroese RK, Richter DL, Page-Dumroese DS (2014) Mosaic stunting in bareroot Pinus banksiana seedlings is unrelated to colonization by mycorrhizal fungi. New Forest 45(6): 893-903. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/download/46828.pdf
Pritchett WL, Fisher RF (1987) Properties and Management of Forest Soils (second edition). J. Wiley & Sons, New York: 494 p.
Pritchett WL, Llewellyn WR (1966) Response of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) to phosphorus in sandy soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 30(4): 509-512. https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/30/4/SS0300040509
Quoreshi AM, Khasa DP (2008) Effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation in the nursery on root colonization, growth, and nutrient uptake of aspen and balsam poplar. Biomass Bioenerg 32(5): 381-391. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953407001948
Rathakette P (1980) Chemical content of tree nursery seedlings as related to accumulated growing degree days. PhD thesis, State University of New York. Syracuse: 237 p. https://suny-esf.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01SUNY_ESF/1fjd9c5/alma990000410820204826
Rautio P, Huttunen S (2003) Total vs. internal element concentrations in Scots pine needles along a sulphur and metal pollution gradient. Environ Pollut 122(2): 273-289. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749102002890
Raven KP, Loeppert RH (1997) Trace element composition of fertilizers and soil amendments. J Environ Qual 26(2): 551-557. https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jeq/abstracts/26/2/JEQ0260020551
Reitz HJ, Shimp NF (1953) Copper oxide as a soil amendment for citrus. Proc Fla State Hort Soc 66: 37-42. https://journals.flvc.org/fshs/article/view/101867/97802
Reuther W, Smith PF, Scudder GK (1953) Relation of pH and soil type to toxicity of copper to citrus seedlings. Proc Fla State Hort Soc 66: 73-80. https://journals.flvc.org/fshs/article/view/101875/97810
Rey F (1997) Current trends in nutrition of container stock. Forest seedling nutrition from the nursery to the field. In: Haase DL, Rose R (eds) Nursery Technology Cooperative, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR: 43-49. https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/1997/current-trends-in-nutrition-of-container-stock/at_download/file
Robinson JL, Journey CA (2004) Geochemical characterization of shallow ground water in the Eutaw Aquifer, Montgomery, Alabama. J Am Water Resour As 40(4): 851-861. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01050.x
Rolando C, Baillie B, Withers T, Bulman L, Garrett L (2016) Pesticide use in planted forests in New Zealand. NZJ For 61(2): 3-10. http://nzjf.org.nz/free_issues/NZJF61_2_2016/BE450C21-9BB0-4280-A26D-FD61EFFF0D82.pdf
Rolando CA, Dick MA, Gardner J, Bader MK-F, Williams NM (2017) Chemical control of two Phytophthora species infecting the canopy of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata). Forest Pathology 47(3): 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12327
Rolando C, Somchit C, Bader MK-F, Fraser S, Williams N (2019) Can copper be used to treat foliar Phytophthora infections in Pinus radiata? Plant Dis 103(8): 1828-1834. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-18-1247-RE
Rose R, Haase DL, Boyer D (1995) Organic Matter Management in Forest Nurseries: Theory and Practice. Nursery Technology Cooperative, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR: 65p. https://rngr.net/publications/omm/organic-matter-management-in-forest-nurseries-theory-and-practice/at_download/file
Rowan SJ (1977) Fertilizer-induced changes in susceptibility to fusiform rust vary among families of slash and loblolly pine. Phytopathology 67: 1280-1284. https://www.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1977Articles/Phyto67n10_1280.pdf
Ruehle JL (1985) The effect of cupric carbonate on root morphology of containerized mycorrhizal pine seedlings. Can J For Res 15(3): 586-592. https://doi.org/10.1139/x85-095
Ruiter JH (1969) Suspected copper deficiency in radiata pine. Plant Soil 31(1): 197-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01373041
Rusjan D (2012) Copper in horticulture. In: Dhanasekaran D, Thajuddin N, Panneerselvam A (eds) Fungicides for plant and animal diseases. IntechOpen. Shanghai, China: Chapter 13. InTech ISBN: 978-953-307-804-5. https://www.intechopen.com/books/fungicides-for-plant-and-animal-diseases/copper-in-horticulture
Santoro A, Held A, Linsinger TP, Perez A, Ricci M (2017) Comparison of total and aqua regia extractability of heavy metals in sewage sludge: The case study of a certified reference material. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 89: 34-40. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5380651/
Saur E (1990) Influence of copper and phosphorus fertilization on growth and mineral nutrition of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) grown in a sandy soil rich in organic matter. Annales des Sciences Forestieres 47(1): 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19900106
Saur E (1993) Interactive effects of P-Cu fertilizers on growth and mineral nutrition of maritime pine. New Forest 7(2): 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00034193
Saur E (1994) Phosphate fertilizer and copper nutrition of maritime pine in south-western France. NZJ For Sci 24(2+3): 321-332. https://www.scionresearch.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/59646/NZJFS242-and-31994SAUR321_332.pdf
Saur E, Brechet C, Lambrot C, Masson P (1995) Micronutrient composition of xylem sap and needles as a result of P-fertilization in maritime pine. Trees 19(1): 52-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00197780
Sauvé S, McBride MB, Norvell WA, Hendershot WH (1997) Copper solubility and speciation of in situ contaminated soils: effects of copper level, pH and organic matter. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 100(1-2): 133-149. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018312109677
Sayer MS, Eckhardt LG, Carter EA (2009) Nutrition challenges of longleaf pine in the Southeast. In: Proceedings of SAF 2009 National Convention. Orlando, FL: Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, MD: 574-579. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/download/36379.pdf
Schmidtling RC (1995) Genetic and environmental variation of foliar nutrient concentrations and strobilus initiation in fertilized loblolly pine seed orchard ramets. Tree Physiol 15(7-8): 537-543. https://academic.oup.com/treephys/article-abstract/15/7-8/537/1679567
Schroder JL, Zhang H, Richards JR, Payton ME (2009) Journal of AOAC International 92(4): 995-1008. http://www.academia.edu/download/39377511/Interlaboratory_validation_of_the_Mehlic20151023-18481-93elep.pdf
Selivanovskaya SY, Latypova VZ (2006) Effects of composted sewage sludge on microbial biomass, activity and pine seedlings in nursery forest. Waste Manage 26(11): 1253-1258. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X05002515
Shalizi MN (2015) Growing media and fertilization effects on polybag-raised Camden whitegum (Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage) seedlings morphology and drought hardiness. MS thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. 110 p. https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/bitstream/handle/1840.16/10325/etd.pdf?sequence=2
Shuman LM (1986) Effect of liming on the distribution of manganese, copper, iron, and zinc among soil fractions. Soil Sci Soc Am J 50(5): 1236-1240. https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/50/5/SS0500051236
Shuman LM (1991) Chemical forms of micronutrients in soils. In: Mortvedt JJ, Cox FR, Shuman LM, Welch RM (eds) Micronutrients in Agriculture. Book Series No. 4. Soil Science Society America, Madison, WI: 113-144. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser4.2ed.c5
Shuman LM (1998) Micronutrient fertilizers. Journal of Crop Production 1(2): 165-195. https://doi.org/10.1300/J144v01n02_07
Siccama TG, Smith WH, Mader DL (1980) Changes in lead, zinc, copper, dry weight, and organic matter content of the forest floor of white pine stands in central Massachusetts over 16 years. Environ Sci Technol 14(1): 54-56. https://doi.org/10.1021/es60161a002
Siebe C (1995) Heavy metal availability to plants in soils irrigated with wastewater from Mexico City. Water Sci Technol 32(12): 29-34. http://www.academia.edu/download/52033836/0273-1223_2896_2900135-720170305-5377-4p1p71.pdf
Silapajarn O, Boyd CE (2005) Effects of channel catfish farming on water quality and flow in an Alabama stream. Rev Fish Sci 13(2): 109-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641260590953928
Simpson JA, Grant MJ (1991) Exotic pine fertilizer practice and its development in Queensland. Technical Paper-49. Queensland Forest Service, Brisbane, QLD: 17 p. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=AU9203150
Simpson JA, Osborne DO (1993) Relative fertilizer requirements and foliar nutrient levels of young slash pine, Honduras Caribbean pine and the hybrid in Queensland. Commonwealth Forestry Review 72(2): 105-113. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42609018
Slaton SH, Iyer JG (1974) Manganese compounds harmful to planting stock under some soil conditions. Tree Planters' Notes 25(2):19-21.https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/25-2/PDF.2003-09-25.2347/at_download/file
Smilde KW (1973) Phosphorus and micronutrient metal uptake by some tree species as affected by phosphate and lime applied to an acid sandy soil. Plant Soil 39(1): 131-148. https://edepot.wur.nl/242940
Smith ME (1943) Micronutrients essential for the growth of Pinus radiata. Aust Forestry 7(1): 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1943.10675209
Smyly WB, Filer TH (1973) Benomyl controls Phomopsis blight on Arizona Cypress in a nursery. Plant Disease Reporter 57(1): 59-61. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210000921674&view=1up&seq=10
Sorvari J, Jaakkonen S (2011) Environmental risks caused by pesticides at forest nurseries in Finland. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 17(2): 431-466. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2011.552398
South DB (2017) Optimum pH for growing pine seedlings. Tree Planters’ Notes 60(2): 49-62. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/60-2/optimum-ph-for-growing-pine-seedlings/at_download/file
South DB (2019) Questions and considerations for the next generation of seedling fertilization researchers. Tree Planters’ Notes 62(1-2): 67-87. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/62-1-2/questions-and-considerations-for-the-next-generation-of-seedling-fertilization-researchers/at_download/file
South DB, Carey WA, Johnson DA (2004) Copper deficiency in pine plantations in the Georgia coastal plain. In: Connor KF (ed) Proceedings, 12th biennial southern silvicultural research conference. GTRSRS-71. USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC: 387-390. http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs071/gtr_srs071.pdf
South DB, Davey CB (1983) The southern forest nursery soil testing program. Tech. Pub. R8-TP-4. USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, Atlanta, GA: 140-170.
South DB, Harris SW, Barnett JP, Hainds MJ, Gjerstad DH (2005) Effect of container type and seedling size on survival and early height growth of Pinus palustris seedlings in Alabama, USA. For Ecol Manage 204(2-3): 385-398. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/download/8456.pdf
South DB, Mitchell RJ, Dixon RK, Vedder M (1988) New-ground syndrome: an ectomycorrhizal deficiency in pine nurseries. South J Appl For 12(4): 234-239. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.4.234
South DB, Nadel RL, Enebak SA, Bickerstaff G (2017) Effect of sulfur and lime on soil pH and nutrients in a sandy Pinus taeda nursery. Reforesta 4: 12-20. http://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/download/69/59
South DB, Funk J, Davis CM (2018) Spring fumigation using totally impermeable film may cause ectomycorrhizal deficiencies at sandy loblolly pine nurseries. Tree Planters’ Notes 61(1): 45-56.
South DB, Zwolinski JB (1996) Chemicals used in southern forest nurseries. South J Appl For 20(3): 127-135. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/20.3.127
Sparr MC (1970) Micronutrient needs ‐ which, where, on what ‐ in the United States. Commun Soil Sci Plan 1(5): 241-262.https://doi.org/10.1080/00103627009366265
Stanosz GR, Smith DR (1996) Evaluation of fungicides for control of Sphaeropsis shoot blight of red pine nursery seedlings. Can J For Res 26(3): 492-497. https://doi.org/10.1139/x26-055
Starkey T, Enebak S (2012) Foliar nutrient survey of loblolly and longleaf pine seedlings. Research Report 12-02. Auburn University Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative, Auburn University, AL: 11 p.
Starkey TE, Enebak, SA, South DB (2015) Forest seedling nursery practices in the southern United States: container nurseries. Tree Planters’ Notes 58(1): 4-17.
Steven HM (1928) Nursery Investigations. Forestry Commission Bull. 11, London, UK: 188. https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/6472/FCBU011.pdf
Stoeckeler JH, Jones GW (1965) Conifer nursery practice in the Prairie-Plains. Agricultural Handbook 279. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC: 98 p. https://rngr.net/publications/conifer-nursery-practices-in-the-prairie-plains/conifer-nursery-practices-in-the-prairie-plains-1965/at_download/file
Stone EL (1968) Microelement nutrition of forest trees: a review. In: Forest Fertilization-Theory and Practice. Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, AL: 132-175. http://www.nutricaodeplantas.agr.br/site/downloads/unesp_jaboticabal/omissao_florestal7.pdf
Stone EL, Timmer VR (1975) On the copper content of some northern conifers. Can J Bo 53(15): 1453-1456. https://doi.org/10.1139/b75-177
Strullu DG, Bonneau M (1978) Contribution à l'étude des carences en cuivre chez les Abiétacées. Can J Bot 56(21): 2648-2659. https://doi.org/10.1139/b78-319
Sujatha MP (2008) Micronutrient deficiencies in teak (Tectona grandis) seedlings: foliar symptoms, growth performance and remedial measures. J Trop For Sci 20(1): 29-37. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1f62/3393c96d6463aba7ed7964bc741a809466b3.pdf
Sword Sayer MA, Haywood JD, Sung SJS (2009) Cavity size and copper root pruning affect production and establishment of container-grown longleaf pine seedlings. For Sci 55(5): 377-389. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/download/34160.pdf
Sypert RH (2006) Diagnosis of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) nutrient deficiencies by foliar methods. MS thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. 115 p.
https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/34849/Robert_Sypert_Thesis.pdf
Tanaka H, Yatazawa M, Iyer JG (1967) Supply of trace elements in nursery soils of Wisconsin. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 13(1): 31-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1967.10431970
Tang Y, Shi L, Zhong K, Shen Z, Chen Y (2018) Ectomycorrhizal fungi may not act as a barrier inhibiting host plant absorption of heavy metals. Chemosphere 215: 115-123. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653518318058
Tsakaldimi MN, Ganatsas PP (2006) Effect of chemical root pruning on stem growth, root morphology and field performance of the Mediterranean pine Pinus halepensis Mill. Scientia Horticulturae 109(2): 183-189. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304423806001518
Teng Y, Timmer VR. 1990. Phosphorus-induced micronutrient disorders in hybrid poplar: III. Prevention and correction in nursery culture. Plant Soil 126(1): 41-51. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42938581
Timmer VR (1985) Response of a hybrid poplar clone to soil acidification and liming. Can J Soil Sci 65(4): 727-735. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-078
Timmer VR (1991) Interpretation of seedling analysis and visual symptoms. In: van den Driessche R (ed) Mineral nutrition in conifer seedlings. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL: 113-134. https://tinyurl.com/w2am3af
Timmer LW, Leyden RF (1980) The relationship of mycorrhizal infection to phosphorus‐induced copper deficiency in sour orange seedlings. New Phytologist 85(1): 15-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb04443.x
Tinus RW, McDonald SE (1979) How to grow seedlings in containers in greenhouses. GTR-RM-60. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO: 256 p. https://tinyurl.com/rmez5jl
Turvey ND (1984) Copper deficiency in Pinus radiata planted in a podzol in Victoria, Australia. Plant Soil 77(1): 73-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02182813
Turvey ND, Grant BR (1990) Copper deficiency in coniferous trees. For Ecol Manage 37(1-3): 95-122. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037811279090049H
Urgiles N, Loján P, Aguirre N, Blaschke H, Günter S, Stimm B, Kottke I (2009) Application of mycorrhizal roots improves growth of tropical tree seedlings in the nursery: a step towards reforestation with native species in the Andes of Ecuador. New Forest 38(3): 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-009-9143-x
USFS (1991) Draft environmental impact statement for nursery pest management: USDA Forest Service, Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Nursery, Lakewood, CO. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.dd0000578351&view=1up&seq=3
van den Burg J (1983) Copper uptake by some forest tree species from an acid sandy soil. Plant soil 75(2): 213-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02375566
van den Burg J (1991) Results and experiences from fertilization experiments in The Netherlands. Fertilizer Research 27(1): 107-111.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01048613
van den Driessche R (1989) Nutrient deficiency symptoms in container-grown Douglas-fir and white spruce seedlings. FRDA Rep.100. BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC: 29 p. https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=3615
van Goor C (1970) Fertilization of conifer plantations. Irish Forestry 27: 68-80. https://journal.societyofirishforesters.ie/index.php/forestry/article/download/9179/8322
van Lear DH, Smith WH (1972) Relationships between macro-and micronutrient nutrition of slash pine on three coastal plain soils. Plant Soil 36(1-3): 331-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01373488
van Stennis E (1997) Nutrition and fertilization: ppm vs. millimoles. Forest seedling nutrition from the nursery to the field. In: Haase DL, Rose R (eds) Nursery Technology Cooperative, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR: 10-16. https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/1997/nutrition-and-fertilization-ppm-vs.-millimoles/at_download/file
van Tichelen KK, Vanstraelen T, Colpaert JV (1999) Nutrient uptake by intact mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings: a diagnostic tool to detect copper toxicity. Tree Physiol 19(3): 189-196.
https://academic.oup.com/treephys/article-pdf/19/3/189/4765904/19-3-189.pdf
Vaartaja O (1964) Chemical treatment of seedbeds to control nursery diseases. The Botanical Review 30(1): 1-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858613
Valentine DW, Allen HL (1990) Foliar responses to fertilization identify nutrient limitation in loblolly pine. Can J For Res 20(2): 144-151.https://doi.org/10.1139/x90-020
VanderSchaaf CL, South DB, Doruska PF (2003) The power of statistical tests of herbicide trials in forest nurseries. Proc Southern Weed Science Society 56: 202-211.
http://www.swss.ws/wp-content/uploads/docs/2003%20Proceedings-SWSS.pdf
Vashisth T, Chun C, Hampton MO (2020) Florida citrus nursery trends and strategies to enhance production of field-transplant ready citrus plants. Horticulturae 6(1): 8.
https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6010008
Verdugo C, Sanchez P, Santibanez C, Urrestarazu P, Bustamante E, Silva Y, Ginocchio D, Ginocchio R (2010) Efficacy of lime, biosolids, and mycorrhiza fo
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 David B. South, Nina Payne
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License CCBY that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).