Questions about toppling of pine seedlings
Toppling of pine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.14.06.101Keywords:
Windthrow, Container, Bareroot, Root deformation, TaprootAbstract
When soil is moist and wind is at a gale force, the term used to describe blow down of old trees is windthrow. In contrast, toppling is a term used when planted pines lean more than 15° during the first decade after transplanting. Pines tend to topple more than other conifers and fast-growing species topple more than slow growing genotypes. Large areas of pine plantations have toppled before age 8 years. This paper describes some toppling events that have occurred in 18 countries and includes 16 questions about toppling.
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References
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