Use of boron in conifer and hardwood nurseries
Boron in nurseries
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.12.06.98Keywords:
Nutrition, Foliar analysis, soil testing, hidden hunger, toxicityAbstract
Nursery seedlings with visual boron (B) deficiencies are rare, especially for broadleaf species but they may have occurred in conifer nurseries in Florida, Oregon and the UK. Factors favoring a deficiency include high soil pH, high soil calcium and low soil moisture (i.e. withholding irrigation). Symptoms of a boron deficiency in pine include dead terminals, resin exudation from buds, dark green foliage, and terminal needles with less than 3 μg g-1 B. Chlorosis is an iron deficiency symptom but is not a boron deficiency symptom. At some nurseries (with more than 2% organic matter and more than 0.05 μg g-1 B in irrigation water), seedlings do not have a hidden hunger for B. As a result, there are no published trials that demonstrate a positive growth response from adding boron to managed nursery soils (when seedbed density is not reduced by boron). This review highlights some of the past and current uses of B in nurseries with a focus on deficiency and toxicity effects.
Downloads
References
Addoms RM (1937) Nutritional studies on loblolly pine. Plant Physiol 12(1): 199-205. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.12.1.199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.12.1.199
Albaugh JM, Blevins L, Allen HL, Albaugh TJ, Fox TR, Stape JL, Rubilar RA (2010) Characterization of foliar macro-and micronutrient concentrations and ratios in loblolly pine plantations in the southeastern United States. South J Appl For 34(2): 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/34.2.53 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/34.2.53
Aldhous JR, Mason WL (1994) Forest Nursery Practice. Forestry Commission Bull. 111, London, UK: 268 p. https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/6578/FCBU111.pdf
Altland JE (2019) Lime rate affects substrate pH and container grown birch trees. Commun Soil Sci Plan 50(1): 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2018.1554670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2018.1554670
Altland JE, Buamscha MG, Horneck DA (2008) Substrate pH affects nutrient availability in fertilized Douglas fir bark substrates. HortScience 43(7): 2171-2178. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.43.7.2171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.43.7.2171
Anderson HW (1968) Effects of micro-nutrient elements on forest nursery seedlings. In: Proceedings, Biennial Meeting Western Forest Nursery Council 46-52. https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/1968/effects-of-micro-nutrient-elements-on-forest-nursery-seedlings/at_download/file
Aphalo PJ, Schoettle AW, Lehto T (2002) Leaf life span and the mobility of "non-mobile" mineral nutrients-the case of boron in conifers. Silva Fennica 36(3): 671-680. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/52825 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.532
Apostol KG, Zwiazek JJ (2004) Boron and water uptake in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) seedlings. Environmental and Experimental Botany 51(2): 134-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2003.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2003.09.002
Appleton EJ, Slow LJ (1966) Nutritional disorders and fertilizer trials in Pinus radiata stands in Waimea County, Nelson. NZJ For 11(2): 185-201. http://www.nzjf.org.nz/free_issues/NZJF11_2_1966/4244FB90-71AA-4191-BD55-12D7C67CBAB6.pdf
Arnold MA, Struve DK (1993) Root distribution and mineral uptake of coarse-rooted trees grown in cupric hydroxide-treated containers. HortSci 28(10): 988-992. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.28.10.988 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.28.10.988
Aronsson A, Elowson S (1980) Effects of irrigation and fertilization on mineral nutrients in Scots pine needles. Ecological Bulletins 32: 219-228. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20112813
Ashagre H, Hamza IA, Fita U, Nedesa W (2014) Influence of boron on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). African Journal of Plant Science 8(2): 133-139. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2014.1148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2014.1148
Auten JT (1945) Response of shortleaf and pitch pines to soil amendments and fertilizers in newly established nurseries in the central states. J Agric Res 70(12): 405-426. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x004385460&view=1up&seq=6
Baker KF (ed) (1957) The UC system for producing healthy container-grown plants through the use of clean soil, clean stock, and sanitation. University of California, Division of Ag. Sci., Ag. Exp. Station, Extension Service. Manual 23. 332 p. https://archive.org/details/ucsystemforprodu23bake/mode/2up
Ballard R (1978) Use of fertilisers at establishment of exotic forest plantations in New Zealand. NZJ For Sci 8(1): 15-26. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.710.3267&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Ballard R, Will GM (1978) Past and projected use of fertilisers in New Zealand forests. NZJ For Sci 8(1): 70-104. NZJFS811978BALLARD15_26.pdf (scionresearch.com)
Ballard TM, Carter RE (1986) Evaluating Forest stand nutrient status. Land Management Report 20. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forests. 60 p. https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Mr/Lmr/Lmr020.pdf
Barnard E (1997) Diseases of seedlings in forest tree nurseries in Florida. In: James RL (ed) Proceedings, Diseases and Insects in Forest Nurseries. IUFRO Working Party 57.03-04. Gainesville, FL. 15 p. https://www.fdacs.gov/ezs3download/download/25629/516509/Diseases%2520of%2520Seedlings%2520in%2520Forest%2520Nurseries.pdf
Barnett JP, McGilvray JM (2000) Growing longleaf pine seedlings in containers. Native Plants Journal 1(1): 54-58. http://npj.uwpress.org/content/1/1/54.short DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/npj.1.1.54
Bar-Tal A, Yermiyahu U, Keinan M, Faingold I, Ben-Gal A (2008) Boron deficiency and toxicity in young persimmon (Diospyrus kaki L.). The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 83(4): 469-473. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2008.11512408 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2008.11512408
Baudoin W, Nono-Womdim R, Lutaladio N, Hodder A, Castilla N, Leonardi C, De Pascale S, Qaryouti M, Duffy R (2013) Good agricultural practices for greenhouse vegetable crops: principles for Mediterranean climate areas. Fao Plant Production and Protection Paper 217. 624 p. http://www.fao.org/3/i3284e/i3284e.pdf
Ben-Gal A (2007) The contribution of foliar exposure to boron toxicity. Journal of Plant Nutrition 30(10): 1705-1716. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160701615558 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160701615558
Bengtson GW (ed) (1968) Forest Fertilization-Theory and Practice. Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, AL: 316 p. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001516717
Benzian B (1965) Experiments on nutrition problems in forest nurseries. Forestry Commission Bull. 37. p, 251. https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/6505/FCBU037_vol1.pdf
Birchler TM, Rose R, Haase DL (2001) Fall fertilization with N and K: effects on Douglas-fir seedling quality and performance. West J Appl For 16(2): 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/16.2.71 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/16.2.71
Boaretto RM, Quaggio JA, Filho F, Giné MF, Boaretto AE (2008) Absorption and mobility of boron in young citrus plants. Commun Soil Sci Plan 39 (17-18): 2501-2514. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620802358383 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620802358383
Boyer JN, South DB (1985) Nutrient content of nursery-grown loblolly pine seedlings. Circular 282. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn University, AL: 27 p. http://131.204.73.195/bitstream/handle/11200/2067/1279CIRC.pdf
Braekke FH (1983) Micronutrients--prophylactic use and cure of forest growth disturbances. Communicationes-Instituti Forestalis Fenniae 116: 159-169. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:951-40-0623-2
Brissette JC, Elliott M, Barnett JP (1977) Producing container longleaf pine seedlings. In: Farrar RM (ed) Symposium on the management of longleaf pine. New Orleans (LA) USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Research Station: GTR-SO-52: 77-80.
Brix H, van den Driessche R (1974) Mineral nutrition of container grown tree seedlings. In: Tinus RW, Stein WI, Balmer WE (eds) Proceedings, North American Containerized Forest Tree Seedling Symposium. Publication 68. Great Plains Agric. Counc. Denver, CO: 77-84. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015006879780&view=1up&seq=7
Brockley RP (2003) Effects of nitrogen and boron fertilization on foliar boron nutrition and growth in two different lodgepole pine ecosystems. Can J For Res 33(6): 988-996. https://doi.org/10.1139/x03-032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/x03-032
Broschat TK (2008) Release rates of soluble and controlled-release boron fertilizers. HortTechnology. 18(3): 471-474. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.18.3.471 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.18.3.471
Brown KR, Driessche R (2002) Growth and nutrition of hybrid poplars over 3 years after fertilization at planting. Can J For Res 32(2): 226-232. https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-191
Brown PH (2008) Micronutrient use in agriculture in the United States of America. In: Alloway BJ, ed. Micronutrient Deficiencies in Global Crop Production: 267-286. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-6860-7_11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6860-7_11
Brown PH, Hu H, Roberts WG (1998) Redefining boron toxicity symptoms in some ornamentals. Slosson Report 95: 1-7. http://slosson.ucdavis.edu/newsletters/Brown_199829071.pdf
Bryson GM, Mills HA (eds) (2014) Plant analysis handbook IV. Micro-Macro Publishing: Athens, Georgia. 600 p. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271849765_Plant_Analysis_Handbook_IV
Buchler K (2002) Investigations of nutrient stress in some forestry areas of South Africa. MS thesis. Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch. 187 p. http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/52897?locale-attribute=gl
Bunt AC (1988) Media and mixes for container-grown plants. 309 p. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-94-011-7904-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7904-1
Carlson LW (1979) Guidelines for rearing containerized conifer seedlings in the Prairie Provinces. Information Report NOR-X-214. Environment Canada. Northern Forest Research Centre. Edmonton, Alberta: 62 p. https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=11650
Chernobrovkina NP, Dorofeeva OS, Il’inova MK, Robonen EV, Vereshchagin AG (2008) Fatty acid composition of total lipids from the needles of pine seedlings as related to boron availability. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 55(3): 365-371. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1021443708030126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443708030126
Chong C (2005) Experiences with wastes and composts in nursery substrates. HortTechnology 15(4): 739-747. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.15.4.0739 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.15.4.0739
Copes WE, Zhang H, Richardson PA, Belayneh BE, Ristvey A, Lea-Cox J, Hong C (2017) Nutrient, pH, alkalinity, and ionic property levels in runoff containment basins in Alabama, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, and Virginia ornamental plant nurseries. HortScience 52(4): 641-648. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI11647-16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI11647-16
Crane W, Borough C (1987) Boron - a micronutrient of importance to forest growers. Aust For Grower 10(Sept): 24-26.
Cumming JR, Weinstein LH (1990) Aluminum-mycorrhizal interactions in the physiology of pitch pine seedlings. Plant Soil 125(1): 7-18. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00010739 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00010739
Davey CB (2002) Using soil test results to determine fertilizer applications. In: Dumroese RK, Riley LE, Landis TD (eds) Proceedings, forest and conservation nursery associations-1999, 2000, and 2001. RMRS-P-24. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden UT: 22-26.
https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/1999/davey.pdf
Davey CB, McNabb K (2019) The management of seedling nutrition. In: McNabb K, Pike C (eds) Nursery Guide for the Production of Bareroot Hardwood Seedlings. Agriculture Handbook 733. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC: 75-87. https://rngr.net/publications/a-nursery-guide-for-the-production-of-bareroot-hardwood-seedlings/introduction/at_download/file
Degryse F (2017) Boron fertilizers: use, challenges and the benefit of slow-release sources–a review. Journal of Boron 2(3): 111-122. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/395853
Dell B, Malajczuk N, Xu D, Grove T (2001) Nutrient disorders in plantation eucalypts. Monograph 74. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia: 188 p.
https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/23819/
Dierauf TA (1991) A five-year study of different sawdust and nitrogen rates in a loblolly pine nursery. Occasional Report 94. Virginia Department of Forestry, Charlottesville, VA: 19 p.
http://dof.sitevision.com/infopubs/_research-reports/report-0094.pdf
dos Santos HZ (2006) Morphological and nutritional development of three species of nursery-grown hardwood seedlings in Tennessee. MS thesis, Auburn University, Auburn. 80 p. https://etd.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/10415/586/SANTOS_HUMBERTO_13.pdf.txt?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
Dumas BP, Patterson SC (2005) A model for loblolly pine and hardwood nursery nutrient prescriptions. Research Report 236. MeadWestvaco, Forest Research. 16 p. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/findingaids/mc00496/contents
Dumroese RK, Thompson G, Wenny DL (1990) Lime-amended growing medium causes seedling growth distortions. Tree Planters' Notes 41(3): 12-17.https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/41-3/lime-amended-growing-medium-causes-seedling-growth-distortions-1/at_download/file
Dumroese RK, Parkhurst J, Barnett JP (2005) Controlled release fertilizer improves quality of container longleaf pine seedlings. In: Dumroese RK, Riley LE, Landis, TD (eds). National proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations—2004; Proc. RMRS-P-35. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO: 3-8. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/20873
Dumroese RK, Wenny DL (1997) Fertilizer regimes for container grown conifers of the Intermountain West. In: Haase DL, Rose R (eds) Proceedings, forest seedling nutrition from the nursery to the field. Nursery Technology Cooperative, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR: 28-29.
Dumroese R, Pinto J, Heiskanen J, Tervahauta A, McBurney K, Page-Dumroese D, Englund K (2018) Biochar can be a suitable replacement for Sphagnum peat in nursery production of Pinus ponderosa seedlings. Forests 9(5): 232. https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/9/5/232/pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f9050232
Eaton FM (1935) Boron in soils and irrigation waters and its effect on plants, with particular reference to the San Joaquin Valley of California. Technical Bulletin 448. USDA, Washington, DC: 132 p. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/164477/files/tb448.pdf
Egorov А, Bubnov A, Pavluchenkova L, Partolina A, Postnikov A (2021) Applying chemical control to
suppress liverwort (Marсhantia polymorpha L.) and other mosses when growing containerized seedlings of pine and spruce. Baltic Forestry 27(1): 288. https://doi.org/10.46490/BF288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46490/BF288
Ensing J (1986) The relationship of nutrition to the development of multiple-leadered seedlings of white spruce in conifer nurseries. PhD thesis, University of Guelph. Guelph. 139 p.
Fan Z, Moore JA, Wenny DL (2004) Growth and nutrition of container-grown ponderosa pine seedlings with controlled-release fertilizer incorporated in the root plug. Ann Forest Sci 61(2): 117-124. https://www.afs-journal.org/articles/forest/pdf/2004/02/F4202.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2004002
Flinn DW, Homans P, Craig FG (1980) Survey of the nutrient status of Pinus radiata seedlings and of soil properties in three Victorian nurseries. Aust Forestry 43(1): 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1980.10674246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1980.10674246
Francois LE, Clark RA (1979) Boron tolerance of twenty-five ornamental shrub species. J Am Soc Hort Sci 104: 319-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.104.3.319
Fu Y, Oliet JA, Li G, Wang J (2017) Effect of controlled release fertilizer type and rate on mineral nutrients, non-structural carbohydrates, and field performance of Chinese pine container grown seedlings. Silva Fenn 51(2): 1607. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1607 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1607
Gilliam CH, Smith EM (1980) Sources and symptoms of boron toxicity in container grown woody ornamentals. Journal of Arboriculture 6(8):209-212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1980.051
Glaubig BA, Bingham FT (1985) Boron toxicity characteristics of four northern California endemic tree species. J Env Qual 14(1): 72-77. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1985.00472425001400010014x DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1985.00472425001400010014x
Glenn SM, Lester JL (2010) An analysis of the relationship between land use and arsenic, vanadium, nitrate and boron contamination in the Gulf Coast aquifer of Texas. J Hydrol 389(1-2): 214–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.06.002
Goslin WE (1959) Effects of deficiencies of essential elements on the development and mineral composition of seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). PhD thesis, The Ohio State University. Columbus. 114 p. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:123562
Grattan SR, Shannon MC, Grieve C M, Poss JA, Suarez D, Leland F (1997) Interactive effects of salinity and boron on the performance and water use of eucalyptus. Acta Horticulturae (449): 607-614. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1997.449.84 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.449.84
Green RN, Carter RE (1993) Boron and magnesium fertilization of a coastal Douglas-fir plantation. West J Appl For 8(2): 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/8.2.48 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/8.2.48
Haas ARC (1929) Toxic effect of boron on fruit trees. Botanical Gazette 88(2): 113-131. https://doi.org/10.1086/333985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/333985
Haase DL, Rose R, Trobaugh J (2006) Field performance of three stock sizes of Douglas-fir container seedlings grown with slow-release fertilizer in the nursery growing medium. New Forest 31(1): 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-004-5396-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-004-5396-6
Hacskaylo J, Finn RF, Vimmerstedt JP (1969) Deficiency symptoms of some forest trees. Research Bulletin 1015. Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH: 69 p. https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/62823/1/OARDC_research_bulletin_n1015.pdf
Hardy DH, Tucker MR, Stokes C (2013) Understanding the soil test report. Miscellaneous Publication. NC Department of Agriculture. 9 p. https://www.ncagr.gov/agronomi/pdffiles/ustr.pdf
Hathaway RD, Whitcomb CE (1984) Nutrition and performance of container-grown Japanese black pine seedlings. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 2(1): 9-12. https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-2.1.9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-2.1.9
Hawkins BJ (2011) Seedling mineral nutrition, the root of the matter. In: Riley LE, Haase DL, Pinto JR, tech. coords. National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-2010. Proc. RMRS-P-65. Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. 87-97. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/40178
Heckman JR, Sims JT, Beegle DB, Coale FJ, Herbert SJ, Bruulsema TW, Bamka WJ (2003) Nutrient removal by corn grain harvest. Agron J 95(3): 587-591. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.5870 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.5870
Helmisaari HS (1990) Temporal variation in nutrient concentrations of Pinus sylvestris needles. Scand J Forest Res 5(1-4): 177-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827589009382604 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02827589009382604
Henry PH, Blazich FA, Hinesley LE, Wright RD (1992) Nitrogen nutrition of containerized eastern redcedar. I. Growth, mineral nutrient concentrations, and carbohydrate status. J Am Soc Hort Sci 117(4): 563-567. https://journals.ashs.org/jashs/downloadpdf/journals/jashs/117/4/article-p563.xml DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.117.4.563
Hobbs CH (1940) Symptoms of mineral deficiency in pine. Am J Bot 27(10): 16S. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19406615802
Hobbs CH (1944) Studies on mineral deficiency in pine. Plant Physiology 19(4): 590-602. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.4.590 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.4.590
Hoagland DR, Snyder WC (1933) Nutrition of strawberry plants under controlled conditions. Proc Amer Soc Hort Sci 30: 288-294.
Hopmans P, Flinn DW (1983) Nutrient requirements in three Victorian radiata pine nurseries with contrasting soils. Aust Forestry 46(2): 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1983.10674386 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1983.10674386
Hopmans P, Clerehan S (1991) Growth and uptake of N, P, K and B by Pinus radiata D. Don in response to applications of borax. Plant Soil 131(1): 115-127. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00010426 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00010426
Hunter IR, Will GM, Skinner MF (1990) A strategy for the correction of boron deficiency in radiata pine plantations in New Zealand. Forest Ecol Manag 37(1-3): 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90047-F DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90047-F
Ingestad T (1979) Mineral nutrient requirements of Pinus silvestris and Picea abies seedlings. Physiol Plant 45(4): 373-380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1979.tb02599.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1979.tb02599.x
Ingestad T, Jacobson A (1962) Boron and manganese nutrition of birch seedlings in nutrient solutions. Medd. Skogsforskn.-Inst. Stockholm. 51(8): 1-20.
https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/10054/1/medd_statens_skogsforskningsinst_051_08.pdf
Iyer JG, Dobrahner J, Lowery B, VandeHey J (2002) slow-release fertilizers in bareroot nurseries. In: Dumroese RK, Riley LE, Landis TD (eds) Proceedings, forest and conservation nursery associations-1999, 2000, and 2001. RMRS-P-24. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden UT: 112-110. https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/2000/iyer%2Cdobrahner.pdf
Iyer JG, Wilde SA (1974) Micronutrients in tree nursery soils: Their behavior, and importance, and an appraisal of their deficiencies. Soil Sci 118(4): 267-269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-197410000-00007
José JFB de S, Silva IRD, Barros NFD, Novais RF, Silva EF, Smyth TJ, Leite FP, Nunes FN, Gebrim FO (2009) Boron mobility in eucalyptus clones. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 33: 1733-1744. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832009000600022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832009000600022
Jokela EJ (2004) Nutrient management of southern pines. In: Dickens ED, Barnett JP, Hubbard WG, Jokela EJ (eds) Slash pine: still growing and growing. Asheville (NC) USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station: GTR-SRS-76: 27-35. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs076.pdf
Kalmowitz GH (1987) Effects of boron on seedling growth in the greenhouse. Research Report 57. Westvaco, Forest Research. 11 p.
Kalmowitz GH (1988) Effects of boron on seedling growth in the greenhouse. Research Report 75. Westvaco, Forest Research. 10 p. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/mc00496-002-bx0005-006-075#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-2727%2C-382%2C10803%2C7613
Kaplan DI, Burkman WG, Adriano DC (1988) Response of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings to soil-applied organo-borates. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 37(1-2): 73-83. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00226481 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00226481
Khan RU (2012) Boron dynamics and availability in Pinus radiata plantation. PhD thesis, Massey University. Palmerston North. 216 p. https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/4375/02_whole.pdf
Knight PJ (1978a) Fertilizer practice in New Zealand forest nurseries. NZJ For Sci 8(1): 27-53. https://www.scionresearch.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/59022/NZJFS811978KNIGHT27_53.pdf
Knight PJ (1978b) The nutrient content of Pinus radiata seedlings: a survey of planting stock from 17 New Zealand forest nurseries. NZJ For Sci 8(1): 54-69. https://www.scionresearch.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/37185/NZJFS811978KNIGHT54_69.pdf
Knight PJ (1981) The maintenance of productivity in forest nurseries. In: FRI Symposium 22. New Zealand Forest Service, Forest Research Institute: 48-69.
Komor SC (1997) Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota. J Environ Qual 26(5): 1212-1222. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050004x DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050004x
Krueger KW (1967) Foliar mineral content of forest-and nursery-grown Douglas-fir seedlings. Research Paper PNW-45. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Portland, OR: 12 p. https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_rp045.pdf
Krug BA, Whipker BE, Fonteno WC, McCall I, Frantz J (2009) Incidence of boron deficiency in bedding plants caused by drought stress or abscisic acid application. Acta Horticulturae 891: 141-147. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.891.15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.891.15
Lamhamedi MS, Renaud M, Veilleux L (2011) Les effets de l’augmentation du pH des substrats sur la croissance des plants forestiers produits dans les pépinières forestières. In: Proceedings of the Colloque de Tansfert de Connaissances et de Savoir-Faire, Carrefour Forêt Innovations, Québec, QC: 33-45. https://mffp.gouv.qc.ca/publications/forets/connaissances/recherche/Lamhamedi-Mohammed/Recueil-resume-carrefour.pdf#page=41
Landi M, Margaritopoulou T, Papadakis IE, Araniti F (2019) Boron toxicity in higher plants: an update. Planta 250(4): 1011-1032. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00425-019-03220-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03220-4
Landis TD (1979) The saline soil syndrome and its effect on bare-root production in two Rocky Mountain Area nurseries. In: Proceedings of Intermountain Nurseryman's Association Meeting. USDA Forest Service, Carbondale, CO: 78-81. https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/1979/PDF.2004-01-30.3713/
Landis TD (1988) Management of forest nursery soils dominated by calcium salts. New Forest 2(3): 173-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00029987 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00029987
Landis TD (1997) The nutrient value of irrigation water. Forest Nursery Notes 17(1): 11-13 https://rngr.net/publications/fnn/1997-winter/winter-1997-forest-nursery-notes/at_download/file
Landis TD (2001) Micronutrients - boron. Forest Nursery Notes 21(2): 9-12. https://rngr.net/publications/fnn/2001-summer/Summer%202001/
Landis TD, Tinus RW, McDonald SE, Barnett JP (1989) Seedling nutrition and irrigation. In: The container tree nursery manual. Agricultural Handbook 674, Volume 4. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC: 119 p. https://rngr.net/publications/ctnm/volume-4
Landis TD, Haase DL, Dumroese RK (2005) Plant nutrient testing and analysis in forest and conservation nurseries. In: Dumroese RK, Riley LE (eds) Proceedings, forest and conservation nursery associations-2004. RMRS-P-35. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO: 76-83. https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/2004/pdf.2005-10-14.6129984407/at_download/file
Landis TD, Pinto JR, Davis AS (2009) Fertigation-injecting soluble fertilizers into the irrigation system. Forest Nursery Notes 29(2): 4-13. https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2009_landis_t002.pdf
Lanuza JM (1966) The determination of levels of manganese, boron and molybdenum sufficient for growth of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) and the characterization of deficiency and toxicity symptoms for these three elements. Forestry Institute for Research and Experiences. Madrid. 314 p. http://libros.inia.es/libros/download.php?id=1361&pdf=products_pdfcomple
Lease RE, Duncan DP (1959) Field survival of red pine as affected by nursery fertilization. Minnesota Forestry Notes 75. 2 p. https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/57215/1/1959-075.pdf
Lehto T, Mälkönen E (1994) Effects of liming and boron fertilization on boron uptake of Picea abies. Plant Soil 163(1): 55-64. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00033940 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00033940
Lehto T, Kallio E, Aphalo PJ (2000) Boron mobility in two coniferous species. Ann Bot 86(3): 547-550. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1215
Lehto T, Lavola A, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Aphalo PJ (2004) Boron retranslocation in Scots pine and Norway spruce. Tree Physiol 24(9): 1011-1017. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/24.9.1011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/24.9.1011
Lehto T, Ruuhola T, Dell B (2010) Boron in forest trees and forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management 260(12): 2053-2069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.028
Lewis DH (2019) Boron: the essential element for vascular plants that never was. New Phytol 221(4):1685-1690. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15519 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15519
Ludbrook WV (1942) The effects of various concentrations of boron on the growth of pine seedlings in water culture. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 8: 112-114. http://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/339123?index=1
Lyle ES (1969) Mineral deficiency symptoms in loblolly pine seedlings. Agron J 61(3): 395-398. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1969.00021962006100030019x DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1969.00021962006100030019x
Madrid-Aispuro RE, Prieto-Ruíz JA, Aldrete A, Hernández-Díaz JC, Wehenkel C, Chávez-Simental JA, Mexal JG. 2020. Alternative substrates and fertilization doses in the production of Pinus cembroides Zucc. in nursery. Forests 11(1): 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11010071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f11010071
Mahler RL (2004) General overview of nutrition for field and container crops. In National proceeding: forest and conservation nursery associations. In: Riley LE, Dumroese RK, Landis TD (eds) Proceedings, forest and conservation nursery associations-2003. RMRS-P-33. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO: 26-29. https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/2003/PDF.2004-06-08.5036/
Majid NM (1984) Some aspects of boron, copper and iron nutrition of lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir. PhD thesis, University of British Columbia. Vancouver. 172 p. https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/831/831/items/1.0096652
Maki TE, Henry BW (1951) Root-rot control and soil improvement at the Ashe Forest Nursery. USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. New Orleans, LA: Occasional Paper 119: 23 p. https://archive.org/details/CAT31363714/page/16/mode/2up DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.127783
Martens CS, Harriss RC (1976) Boron in coastal North Florida rainfall. Journal of Geophysical Research 81(36): 6371-6375. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC081i036p06371 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/JC081i036p06371
Marx DH, Cordell CE, Kenney DS, Mexal JG, Artman JD, Riffle JW, Molina RJ (1984) Commercial vegetative inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius and inoculation techniques for development of ectomycorhizae on bare-root tree seedlings. For Sci 30(3): Monograph 25. https://academic.oup.com/forestscience/article-abstract/30/suppl_1/a0001/4656736
Marx DH, Cordell CE, Maul SB, Ruehle JL (1989) Ectomycorrhizal development on pine by Pisolithus tinctorius in bare-root and container seedling nurseries. New Forest 3(1): 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00128901 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00128900
Masullo LS, Derisso VD, Manarim GR, de Vicente Ferraz A, Rocha JHT, de Ávila PA, Florentino AL, de Aguiar CL,Lavres J, de Moraes Gonçalves JL (2021) Modulation of structural carbohydrates, phenol compounds and lignin content in Eucalyptus urophylla cuttings grown under boron, copper and zinc induced-deficiency. New Forest: 1-16.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-021-09859-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-021-09859-w
May B, Smethurst P, Carlyle C, Mendham D, Bruce J, Baillie C (2009) Review of fertiliser use in Australian forestry. Forest and wood products Australia limited project number: RC072–0708. Victoria, Australia. 96 p. https://www.fwpa.com.au/images/processing/PRC072-0708_Fertiliser_Review_Research_Report_0.pdf
May JT (1957) Effects of soil management practices in a forest tree nursery on soil properties and on loblolly pine seedlings. PhD thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing. 215 p.
Maxwell JW (1988) Macro and micronutrient programmes in B.C. bareroot nurseries. In: Landis TD (ed) Proceedings, Combined Meeting of the Western Forest Nursery Associations. Fort Collins (CO) USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: GTR-RM-167: 11-14. https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/1988/maxwell.pdf/at_download/file
McCall EV, Kellison RC (1981) Pollination, pollen tube development and orchard nutrient effects on conelet abortion in open pollinated longleaf pine. In: Proc. 16th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conf., 26-29 May 1981, Blacksburg, Virginia. Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA: 267-275. https://rngr.net/publications/tree-improvement-proceedings/sftic/1981/pollination-pollen-tube-development-and-orchard-nutrient-status-effects-on-conelet-abortion-in-open-pollinated-longleaf-pine/at_download/file
McLeod KW, Ciravolo TG (1998) Boron tolerance and potential boron removal by bottomland tree seedlings. Wetlands 18(3): 431-436. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03161535 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161535
McNabb K, Heidbreder-Olson E (1998) Results of the 1996 irrigation water quality survey. Research report 98-05. Auburn, AL: Auburn University, Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative. 7 p.
Mexal JG, Fisher JT (1987) Organic matter amendments to a calcareous forest nursery soil. New For 1(4): 311-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00031741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00031741
Mitchell RJ, Garrett HE, Cox GS, Atalay A (1990) Boron and ectomycorrhizal influences on mineral nutrition of container-grown Pinus ehinata Mill. J Plant Nutr 13(12): 1555-1574. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169009364175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169009364175
Möller G (1983) Variation of boron concentration in pine needles from trees growing on mineral soil in Sweden and response to nitrogen fertilization. Communicationes-Instituti Forestalis Fenniae 116: 111-115. https://jukuri.luke.fi/handle/10024/522524
Morgan KT, Graham JH (2019) Nutrient status and root density of Huanglongbing-affected trees: consequences of irrigation water bicarbonate and soil pH mitigation with acidification. Agronomy 9(11): 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110746 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110746
Möttönen M, Lehto T, Aphalo PJ (2001) Growth dynamics and mycorrhizas of Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings in relation to boron supply. Trees 15(6): 319-326. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004680100106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004680100106
Mylavarapu RS, Sanchez JF, Nguyen JH, Bartos JM (2002) Evaluation of Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 extraction procedures for plant nutrients in acid mineral soils of Florida. Commun Soil Sci Plan 33(5-6): 807-820. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120003067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120003067
Nable RO, Bañuelos GS, Paull JG (1997) Boron toxicity. Plant Soil 193(1): 181-198. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1004272227886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004272227886
Neary DG, Schneider G, White DP (1975) Boron toxicity in red pine following municipal waste water irrigation. Soil Sci Soc Am J 39(5): 981-982. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1975.03615995003900050047x DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1975.03615995003900050047x
North Carolina State Forest Nutrition Cooperative (NCSFNC) (1991) Descriptive statistics and relationships among soil and foliar characteristics in midrotation loblolly pine plantations. Res. Note 7. College of Forest Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC: 29 p.
North Carolina State Forest Nutrition Cooperative (NCSFNC) (1992) Characterization of foliar sulfur, boron, copper, manganese, and zinc concentrations in midrotation loblolly pine plantations. Res. Note 8. College of Forest Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC: 19 p.
Oldenkamp L, Smilde KW (1966) Copper deficiency in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Plant Soil 25(1): 150-152.https://www.jstor.org/stable/42932645 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01347969
Olykan ST, Adams JA, Nordmeyer AH, McLaren RG (1995) Micronutrient and macronutrient uptake by Pinus radiata, and soil boron fractions, as affected by added nitrogen and boron. NZJ For Sci 25(1): 61-72. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.709.6214&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Olykan ST, Xue J, Clinton PW, Skinner MF, Graham DJ, Leckie AC (2008) Effect of boron fertiliser, weed control and genotype on foliar nutrients and tree growth of juvenile Pinus radiata at two contrasting sites in New Zealand. Forest Ecol Manag 255(3-4): 1196-1209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.10.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.10.025
Ou Y, Wu X, Gao Y, Wu Y, Yao Y (2019) Analysis of physiological responses and expression profiling of boron transporter-like genes in response to excess boron in Populus russkii. Chemosphere 224: 369-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.130
Phares RE (1964) Mineral nutrition of forest tree seedlings. PhD thesis, Iowa State University, Ames. 168 p. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/2713
Picchioni GA, Miyamoto S, Storey JB (1991) Growth and boron uptake of five pecan cultivar seedlings. HortScience 26(4): 386-388. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.26.4.386 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.26.4.386
Powers RF (1974) Evaluating fertilizer programs using soil analysis, foliar analysis, and bioassay methods. In: Proceedings, Service Wide Silviculture Work Conference. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Division of Timber Management: 124-162. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/download/32984.pdf
Procter J (1967) A nutritional disorder of pine. The Commonwealth Forestry Review 46(2): 145-154. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42603587
Quoreshi AM, Khasa DP (2008) Effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation in the nursery on root colonization, growth, and nutrient uptake of aspen and balsam poplar. Biomass Bioenerg 32(5): 381-391. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953407001948 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.10.010
Radwan MA, Brix H (1986) Nutrition of Douglas-fir. In: CD Oliver CD, Hanley DP, Johnson JA (eds) Proceedings, Douglas-fir: stand management for the future. Institute of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle: 177-188. https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/olympia/silv/publications/opt/278_RadwanBrix1986.pdf
Räisänen M, Repo T, Lehto T (2009) Cold acclimation of Norway spruce roots and shoots after boron fertilization. Silva Fenn 43(2): 223-233. https://jukuri.luke.fi/handle/10024/532674 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.208
Rees R, Robinson BH, Menon M, Lehmann E, Günthardt-Goerg MS, Schulin R (2011) Boron accumulation and toxicity in hybrid poplar (Populus nigra× euramericana). Environmental Science & Technology 45(24): 10538-10543. https://doi.org/10.1021/es201100b DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es201100b
Reid R (2014) Understanding the boron transport network in plants. Plant Soil 385(1): 1-13. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11104-014-2149-y.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2149-y
Rey F (1997) Current trends in nutrition of container stock. Forest seedling nutrition from the nursery to the field. In: Haase DL, Rose R (eds) Nursery Technology Cooperative, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR: 43-49. https://rngr.net/publications/proceedings/1997/current-trends-in-nutrition-of-container-stock/at_download/file
Riikonen J, Lehto T, Rikala R (2013) Effects of boron fertilization in the nursery or after planting on the performance of Norway spruce seedlings on boron-poor sites. New Forest 44(5): 671-685. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11056-013-9372-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-013-9372-x
Rikala R, Jozefek HJ (1990) Effect of dolomite lime and wood ash on peat substrate and development of tree seedlings. Silva Fenn 24(4): 323-334. https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/15586/24-No%204_Rikala.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15586
Robbins J (2010) Irrigation water for greenhouses and nurseries. Bulletin FSA6061, Arkansas Coop. Ext. Ser., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR: 6 p. https://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/FSA-6061.pdf
Rodríguez-Trejo DA, Duryea ML (2003) Seedling quality indicators in Pinus palustris Mill. Agrociencia 37(3): 299-307. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289349591_Seedling_quality_indicators_in_Pinus_palustris_Mill
Rose MA, Wang H (1999) Micronutrient sources for container nursery plants. Special Circular 129, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH: 21-25. https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/71908/1/OARDC_special_circular_n165.pdf#page=23
Rose R, Royo A, Haase DL (1999) Peltophorum dasyrachis seedling growth response to different levels of boron. J Trop For Sci 11(4):832-845. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43582330
Rowe DB (1996) Influence of stock plant nitrogen nutrition on mineral nutrient and carbohydrate status, photosynthesis, orthotropic shoot production, and adventitious rooting of stem cuttings from hedged loblolly pine. PhD thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. 180 p. https://www.proquest.com/openview/d38e0286b846d7f64db195f59e252e32/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Rowe DB, Blazich FA, Weir RJ (1999) Mineral nutrient and carbohydrate status of loblolly pine during mist propagation as influenced by stock plant nitrogen fertility. HortScience 34(7): 1279-1285. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.34.7.1279 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.34.7.1279
Ruuhola T, Lehto T (2014) Do ectomycorrhizas affect boron uptake in Betula pendula? Can J For Res 44(9): 1013-1019. https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0115
Ruuhola T, Leppänen T, Lehto T (2011) Retranslocation of nutrients in relation to boron availability during leaf senescence of Betula pendula Roth. Plant Soil 344(1): 227-240. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11104-011-0742-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0742-x
Savory BM (1962) Boron deficiency in eucalypts in Northern Rhodesia. Empire Forestry Review 41(2): 118-126. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42601544 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185530000070X
Sayer MS, Eckhardt LG, Carter EA (2009) Nutrition challenges of longleaf pine in the Southeast. In: Proceedings of SAF 2009 National Convention. Orlando, FL: Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, MD: 574-579. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/download/36379.pdf
Schaedle M (1959) A study of the growth of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings.
MS thesis. University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 171 p. https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0106130
Schmidtling RC (1995) Genetic and environmental variation of foliar nutrient concentrations and strobilus initiation in fertilized loblolly pine seed orchard ramets. Tree Physiol 15(7-8): 537-543. https://academic.oup.com/treephys/article-abstract/15/7-8/537/1679567 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/15.7-8.537
Schroeder WT, Davis JF, Shafer J (1946) Deionized water not a suitable substitute for distilled water in boron studies. Agron J 38(8): 754. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1946.00021962003800080011x DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1946.00021962003800080011x
Shorrocks VM (1997) The occurrence and correction of boron deficiency. Plant Soil 193(1): 121-148. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1004216126069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5580-9_9
Shuman LM (1998) Micronutrient fertilizers. Journal of Crop Production 1(2): 165-195. https://doi.org/10.1300/J144v01n02_07 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J144v01n02_07
Shuman LM, Bandel VA, Donohue SJ, Isaac RA, Lippert RM, Sims JT, Tucker MR (1992) Comparison of Mehlich‐1 and Mehlich‐3 extractable soil boron with hot‐water extractable boron. Commun Soil Sci Plan 23(1-2): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629209368565 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629209368565
Silveira RLVDA, Moreira A, Higashi EN (2004) Development and survival by eucalypts seedlings under boron rates in field and nursery conditions. Ciência e Agrotecnologia 28(2): 366-371. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542004000200017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542004000200017
Smith EM (1978) Foliar analysis survey of woody ornamentals. Ohio Agric Res Dev Center, Res Circ 236: 30-33.https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/70696
Smith GS, Johnston CM, Cornforth IS (1983) Comparison of nutrient solutions for growth of plants in sand culture. New Phytol 94(4): 537-548. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb04863.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb04863.x
Smith IE (1992) Pine bark as a seedling growing medium. Acta Horticulturae 319: 395-400. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1992.319.61 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.319.61
Smith ME (1943) Micronutrients essential for the growth of Pinus radiata. Aust Forestry 7(1): 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1943.10675209 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1943.10675209
Snowdon P (1973) Boron deficiency in relation to growth of Pinus radiataD.Don. MS thesis. Australian National University, Canberra. 278 p. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/143391
Snowdon P (1982) Diagnosis of boron deficiency in soils by pot experiments with Pinus radiata. Australian Forest Research 12(3): 217-229. https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9KIbbp1-PmyQm9RUE9nVjZKeFE
South DB (2017) Optimum pH for growing pine seedlings. Tree Planters’ Notes 60(2): 49-62. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/60-2/optimum-ph-for-growing-pine-seedlings/at_download/file
South DB, Cross RE (2020) Fertilization practices for bareroot hardwood seedlings. Tree Planters’ Notes 63(2): 4-25. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/63-2/fertilization-practices-for-bareroot-hardwood-seedlings/at_download/file
South DB, Davey CB (1983) The southern forest nursery soil testing program. R8-TP-4. USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, Atlanta, GA: 140-170. https://rngr.net/publications/1982-southern-nursery-conferences/the-southern-forest-nursery-soil-testing-program/at_download/file
South DB, Nadel R (2020) Irrigation in pine nurseries. Reforesta (10): 40-83. https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.10.05.88 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.10.05.88
South DB, Mitchell RJ, Dixon RK, Vedder M (1988) New-ground syndrome: an ectomycorrhizal deficiency in pine nurseries. South J Appl For 12(4): 234-239. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.4.234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.4.234
South DB, Williams HM, Webb A (1989) Costs and benefits from fall irrigation at a sandy loblolly pine nursery. Applied Agricultural Research 4(4): 275-279.
South DB, Brown P, Dougherty PM, Olykan S, Runion B, Singh A, Skinner M (2002) Tip-dieback in young loblolly pine plantations. In: Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-48. Asheville, NC: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. pg. 574-578. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/4888/
South DB, Carey WA, Johnson DA (2004) Copper deficiency in pine plantations in the Georgia coastal plain. In: Connor KF (ed) Proceedings, 12th biennial southern silvicultural research conference. Asheville (NC) USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station: GTR-SRS-71: 387-390. http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs071/gtr_srs071.pdf
South DB, Nadel RL, Enebak SA, Bickerstaff G (2017) Effect of sulfur and lime on soil pH and nutrients in a sandy Pinus taeda nursery. Reforesta 4: 12-20. http://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/download/69/59 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.4.02.41
South DB, Funk J, Davis CM (2018) Spring fumigation using totally impermeable film may cause ectomycorrhizal deficiencies at sandy loblolly pine nurseries. Tree Planters’ Notes 61(1): 45-56.
Starkey T, Enebak S (2012) Foliar nutrient survey of loblolly and longleaf pine seedlings. Research Report 12-02. Auburn University Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative, Auburn University, AL: 11 p.
Starkey TE, Enebak SA, South DB (2015) Forest seedling nursery practices in the southern United States: container nurseries. Tree Planters Notes 58(1): 4-17. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/58-1/forest-seedling-nursery-practices-in-the-southern-united-states-container-nurseries/at_download/file
Stoeckeler JH, Arneman HF (1960) Fertilizers in forestry. Advances in Agronomy 12: 127-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60082-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60082-6
Stone EL (1968) Microelement nutrition of forest trees: a review. In: Forest Fertilization-Theory and Practice. Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, AL: 132-175. http://www.nutricaodeplantas.agr.br/site/downloads/unesp_jaboticabal/omissao_florestal7.pdf
Stone EL (1990) Boron deficiency and excess in forest trees: A review. Forest Ecol Manag 37: 49-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90046-E DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90046-E
Stone EL, Baird G (1956) Boron level and boron toxicity in red and white pine. J For 54(1): 11-12. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/54.1.11
Stone EL, Hollis CA, Barnard EL (1982) Boron deficiency in a Southern pine nursery. South J Appl For 6 (2): 108-112. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/6.2.108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/6.2.108
Stone EL, Will GM (1965) Boron deficiency in Pinus radiata and P. pinaster. For Sci 11(4): 425-433.https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/11.4.425
Sujatha MP (2003) Diagnosis of micronutrient deficiencies in teak seedlings. Research Report 249. Kerala Forest Research Institute. Thrissur, Kerala. 29 p. http://docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR249.pdf
Sword MA, Garrett HE (1991) Boron fertilization and the root morphology of shortleaf pine seedlings inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius. In: Coleman SS, Neary DG (eds) Proceedings, 6th biennial southern silvicultural research conference. Asheville (NC) USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station: GTR-SE-70: 52-63. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/47949
Sypert RH (2006) Diagnosis of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) nutrient deficiencies by foliar methods. MS thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. 115 p.
https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/34849/Robert_Sypert_Thesis.pdf
Tanaka H, Yatazawa M, Iyer JG (1967) Supply of trace elements in nursery soils of Wisconsin. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 13(1): 31-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1967.10431970 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1967.10431970
Tinus RW, McDonald SE (1979) How to grow seedlings in containers in greenhouses. Fort Collins (CO) USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: GTR-RM-60: 256 p.
Turner J, Lambert M (2017) Analysis of foliage phosphorus requirements of radiata pine plantations. Commun Soil Sci Plan 48(18): 2218-2229. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2017.1409355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2017.1409355
Turner J, Knott J, Green P, Turner S (2021) Boron nutritional management in Australian forest plantations. Trees, Forests and People 5: 100120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100120
Turvey ND, Carlyle C, Downes GM (1992) Effects of micronutrients on the growth form of two families of Pinus radiata (D.Don) seedlings. Plant Soil 139(1): 59-65. doi:10.1007/bf00012842 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00012842
Vail JW, Parry MS, Calton WE (1961) Boron-deficiency dieback in pines. Plant Soil 14(4): 393-398. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01666296 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01666296
van den Driessche R (1963) Nursery experiments with Douglas fir. The Commonwealth Forestry Review 42(3): 242-254. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42603050
van den Driessche R (1984) Soil fertility in forest nurseries. In: Duryea ML, Landis TD (eds) Forest Nursery Manual. Martinus Nijhoff/Junk Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands: 63-74. https://rngr.net/publications/nursery-manuals/fnm/Chapter%207/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6110-4_7
van den Driessche R (1989) Nutrient deficiency symptoms in container-grown Douglas-fir and white spruce seedlings. FRDA Report 100. Victoria, BC: B.C. Ministry of Forests. 29 p. https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/frr/Frr100.htm
van Lear DH, Smith WH (1972) Relationships between macro-and micronutrient nutrition of slash pine on three coastal plain soils. Plant Soil 36(1-3): 331-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01373488 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01373488
Viera M, Schumacher MV (2009) Nutrient concentrations and retranslocation in Pinus taeda L. needles. Ciência Florestal 19(4): 375-382. http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?cf09036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5902/19805098893
Vitosh ML, Johnson JW, Mengel DB (2000) Tri-state fertilizer recommendations for corn, soybeans, wheat and alfalfa. Extension Bulletin E-2567. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Ml: 22 p. https://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/Ag.%20Ext.%202007-Chelsie/PDF/e2567.pdf
Wakeley PC (1954) Planting the southern pines. Agriculture Monograph 18. USDA, Washington, DC: 233 p.https://rngr.net/publications/planting-the-southern-pines/planting-the-southern-pines-1954-1/
Walker RF (1999) Reforestation of an eastern Sierra Nevada surface mine with containerized Jeffrey pine. J Sustain Forest 9(3-4): 127-147. https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v09n03_06 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v09n03_06
Walker RF, Huntt CD (1992) Controlled release fertilizer effects on growth and foliar nutrient concentration of container grown Jeffrey pine and singleleaf pinyon. West J Appl F 7(4): 113-117. https://academic.oup.com/wjaf/article-abstract/7/4/113/4772493 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/7.4.113
Walker RB, Gessel SP, Haddock PG (1955) Greenhouse studies in mineral requirements of conifers: Western red cedar. For Sci 1(1): 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/1.1.51
Walker RF, McLaughlin SB (1997) Effects of acidic precipitation and ectomycorrhizal inoculation on growth, mineral nutrition, and xylem water potential of juvenile loblolly pine and white oak. J Sustain Forest 5(3-4): 27-49. https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v05n03_03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v05n03_03
Wang N, Yang C, Pan Z, Liu Y, Peng S (2015) Boron deficiency in woody plants: various responses and tolerance mechanisms. Front Plant Sci 6: 916. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00916
Warren CR, Adams MA (2002) Possible causes of slow growth of nitrate-supplied Pinus pinaster. Can J For Res 32(4): 569-580. https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-225
Wear JI (1957) Boron requirements of crops in Alabama. Bulletin 305. Alabama Experiment Station, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, AL: 30 p. http://aurora.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/11200/2254/1487BULL.pdf
Westveld RH (1946) Response of slash pine (Pinus Caribaea Morelet) to various nutrients in Norfolk Soils in Florida. PhD thesis. Michigan State College, East Lansing. 251 p. https://www.proquest.com/openview/6676433310fce843103c876f111533a0/1
Whetstone RR, Robinson WO, Byers HG (1942) Boron distribution in soils and related data.Technical Bulletin 797. USDA, Washington, DC: 32 p. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/169100/files/tb797.pdf
Whittier WA (2018) Nutrient disorder foliar symptoms, foliar nutrient levels and predictive near-infrared spectroscopy nutrient models of teak (Tectona grandis Lf). MS thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. 199 p. https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/handle/1840.20/34998
Wikner B (1983) Distribution and mobility of boron in forest ecosystems. Communicationes-Instituti Forestalis Fenniae 116:131-141. https://jukuri.luke.fi/handle/10024/522524
Wilde SA (1946) Forests soils and forests growth. Chronica Botanica Company, Waltham: 341 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-194610000-00010
Wilde SA (1954) Reaction of soils; facts and fallacies. Ecology 35(1): 89-91. https://doi.org/10.2307/1931409 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1931409
Wilde SA (1958) Forest soils, their properties and relation to silviculture. Ronald Press, New York: 537 p. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1959.00021962005100100030x DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1959.00021962005100100030x
Wilkinson KM, Landis TD, Haase DL, Daley BF, Dumroese RK (2014) Tropical Nursery Manual. Agricultural Handbook 732, USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC: 376 p. https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_series/wo/wo_ah732.pdf
Will GM (1985) Nutrient deficiencies and fertilizer use in New Zealand exotic forests. NZ For Res Inst Bull 97: 53 p. https://scion.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p20044coll6/id/264/
Willett IR, Jakobsen P, Zarcinas BA (1985) Nitrogen-induced boron deficiency in lucerne. Plant Soil 86(3): 443-446. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02145464 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02145464
Wimmer MA, Goldberg S, Gupta UC (2015) Boron. In: Barker AV, Pilbeam DJ (eds) Handbook of plant nutrition. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL: 305-345. https://doi.org/10.1201/b18458 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b18458
Wood GA (1985) Two-year survival and growth of loblolly pine seedlings from two Texas seed sources on lignite minesoils. MF thesis, Stephen F Austin State University, Nacogdoches. 113 P. https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/etds/27/
Wooldridge JM, Warren SL, Blazich FA (2009) Nitrogen nutrition of eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis). Journal of Environmental Horticulture 27(4): 223-228. https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-27.4.223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-27.4.223
Wu L, Guo X (2006) Response of two coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens Endl.) varieties to moderate levels of salt and boron spray measured by stress symptoms: Implications for landscape irrigation using recycled water. Environ Exp Bot 58(1-3): 130-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.07.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.07.003
Yermiyahu U, Keren R, Chen Y (2001) Effect of composted organic matter on boron uptake in plants. Soil Sci Soc Am J 65(5): 1436-1441. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.6551436x DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.6551436x
Yıldırım K, Uylaş S (2016) Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of black poplar ( Populus nigra L.) under boron toxicity revealed candidate genes responsible in boron uptake, transport and detoxification. Plant Physiol Bioch 109: 146-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.09.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.09.015
Youngberg CT (1984) Soil and tissue analysis: tools for maintaining soil fertility. In: Duryea ML, Landis TD (eds) Forest Nursery Manual. Martinus Nijhoff/Junk Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands: 75-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6110-4_8
https://rngr.net/publications/nursery-manuals/fnm/Chapter%208/at_download/file
Zhang W, Xu F, Zwiazek JJ (2015) Responses of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) seedlings to root zone pH and calcium. Environ Exp Bot 111: 32-41. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0098847214002536?via%3Dihub DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2014.11.001
Zhu Y, Li S, Wang C, Dumroese RK, Li G, Li Q (2020) The effects of fall fertilization on the growth of Chinese pine and Prince Rupprecht’s larch seedlings. J Forestry Res 31(6): 2163-2169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-01054-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-01054-0
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 David B. South
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License CCBY that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).